Study title

Teacher data was collected from schools and used to assess study eligibility and provide information about the participants' emotions and behaviour. Parent data (opt in consent was obtained for participation and data sharing) were predominantly collected via post, with some collected in person at school or home visit. The questionnaires provided demographic information about the participants (social economic status and ethnicity), information about about the family and parenting practices, as well as information about the participants emotions and behaviour. Child data (assent for participation; questionnaires; IQ test; social learning computer tasks) were predominantly collected at school during the research session. Occasionally, a home visit was arranged where a school visit was not possible.Adolescents with conduct problems (CP) present severe behavioural problems and have difficulties in adjusting to social norms. Children and adolescents with CP appear to process social information in an atypical way. Hostile attribution biases, lack of empathy, and both under- and over-reactivity to emotional facial expressions have been observed in this population. Although the social information processing profiles of children and adolescents with CP may appear atypical when compared with peers of the same age, it is conceivable that their cognitive/affective profiles match life histories that have set strong priors, which hamper adaptive social learning. In other words, compared with the mainstream population, children and adolescents with CP may have adapted to different social environments (more chaotic and unpredictable, with untrustworthy adults) and whilst their social learning appears maladaptive to the society at large, it may match the environment in which they grew up. It is also of note that children and adolescents with CP are a heterogeneous population, with some seemingly fearless and lacking in empathy (those with high callous-unemotional traits; high-CU)...