Study title

United Kingdom, Austria

Individual

Data were collected in groups and individually. Cognitive tasks in the form of standardised assessments and bespoke tests were used. Assessments were administered by pen and paper as well as using a computer. For a detailed description of the Methodology at each time point see Documentation files. In the UK sample, 257 children took part at T3, of which 232 had complete data. The children were followed from Year 1 to Year 3 of primary school. Of those with complete data, 217 also had complete data from T2, and 195 from T1 and T2. The children at T3 were between seven and eight years old, at T2 they were between six and seven and at T1 between five and six. Of the 196 children with complete data, 99 (50.5%) were males and 97 (49.5%) females. From the sample tested, six of the children who completed all three time points were classed as having English as an additional language (EAL) or as bilingual by the school records. Children were recruited from both suburban and rural primary schools in areas across North and West Yorkshire. Children with developmental disorders and/or neurological disorders were not excluded from the study. For more details about the population please see the Methodology for each time point in the UK Documentation folder. In the Austrian sample, 168 children took part at T3, of which all 168 had complete T3 data. The children were assessed in Year 1, Year 2 and Year 3 of Austrian Primary Schools. Of those with complete data, 167 also had complete data from T2, and 166 from T1 and T2. The children at T3 were between eight and nine years old, at T2 between seven and eight years old and at T1 between six and seven years old. Of the 166 children with complete data at all time points, 88 (53%) were males and 78 (47%) females. Out of the 166 children, 22 spoke a first language other than German. SEN data was not collected for this sample. For more information please see the Methodology at each time point in the Graz Documentation folder. In the UK, 74 primary schools in York, surrounding areas in North Yorkshire, Leeds, Harrogate and Whitby were contacted via email and invited to take part. The schools approached were a mix of community, voluntary aided, voluntary controlled, maintained and independent schools as well as academies. In each of these areas testing was undertaken in all schools that were interested in taking part. In the end, at the first time point, 11 schools agreed to take part in the study. In Austria, the team contacted 13 schools in the city of Graz that were in proximity to the university. Of these, five schools agreed to take part in the study.