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          <titl xml:lang="en">DDI study level documentation for study ZA7570 International Social Survey Programme: Religion IV - ISSP 2018</titl>
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        <titl xml:lang="en">International Social Survey Programme: Religion IV - ISSP 2018</titl>
        <parTitl xml:lang="de">International Social Survey Programme: Religion IV - ISSP 2018</parTitl>
        <IDNo xml:lang="en" agency="GESIS">ZA7570, Version 2.1.0</IDNo><IDNo xml:lang="de" agency="GESIS">ZA7570, Version 2.1.0</IDNo><IDNo xml:lang="en" agency="DOI">10.4232/1.13629</IDNo><IDNo xml:lang="de" agency="DOI">10.4232/1.13629</IDNo>
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        <AuthEnty affiliation="Institut für Soziologie, University of Graz, Austria" xml:lang="en">Muckenhuber, Johanna
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institut für Soziologie, University of Graz, Austria" xml:lang="de">Muckenhuber, Johanna
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institut für Soziologie, University of Graz, Austria" xml:lang="en">Hadler, Markus
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institut für Soziologie, University of Graz, Austria" xml:lang="de">Hadler, Markus
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institut für Soziologie, University of Graz, Austria" xml:lang="en">Höllinger, Franz
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institut für Soziologie, University of Graz, Austria" xml:lang="de">Höllinger, Franz
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Agency for Social Analyses (ASA), Bulgaria" xml:lang="en">Dimova, Lilia
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Agency for Social Analyses (ASA), Bulgaria" xml:lang="de">Dimova, Lilia
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="FORS, c/o University of Lausanne, Switzerland" xml:lang="en">Steinmetz, Stephanie
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="FORS, c/o University of Lausanne, Switzerland" xml:lang="de">Steinmetz, Stephanie
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="FORS, c/o University of Lausanne, Switzerland" xml:lang="en">Sapin, Marlène
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="FORS, c/o University of Lausanne, Switzerland" xml:lang="de">Sapin, Marlène
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="FORS, c/o University of Lausanne, Switzerland" xml:lang="en">Joye, Dominique
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="FORS, c/o University of Lausanne, Switzerland" xml:lang="de">Joye, Dominique
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centro de Estudios Públicos (CEP), Santiago de Chile, Chile" xml:lang="en">Gonzalez, Ricardo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centro de Estudios Públicos (CEP), Santiago de Chile, Chile" xml:lang="de">Gonzalez, Ricardo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic" xml:lang="en">Krejčí, Jindřich
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic" xml:lang="de">Krejčí, Jindřich
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany" xml:lang="en">Wolf, Christof
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany" xml:lang="de">Wolf, Christof
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Political Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark" xml:lang="en">Clement, Sanne L.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Political Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark" xml:lang="de">Clement, Sanne L.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), Madrid, Spain" xml:lang="en">Méndez Lago, Mónica
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), Madrid, Spain" xml:lang="de">Méndez Lago, Mónica
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), Madrid, Spain" xml:lang="en">Cuesta, María
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), Madrid, Spain" xml:lang="de">Cuesta, María
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland" xml:lang="en">Melin, Harri
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland" xml:lang="de">Melin, Harri
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Faculty of Management and Business, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland" xml:lang="en">Borg, Sami
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Faculty of Management and Business, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland" xml:lang="de">Borg, Sami
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="School of Political Studies, PACTE/CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France" xml:lang="en">Gonthier, Frédéric
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="School of Political Studies, PACTE/CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France" xml:lang="de">Gonthier, Frédéric
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="School of Political Studies, PACTE/CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France" xml:lang="en">Zmerli, Sonja
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="School of Political Studies, PACTE/CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France" xml:lang="de">Zmerli, Sonja
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="National Centre for Social Research (NatCen), London, Great Britain" xml:lang="en">Phillips, Miranda
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="National Centre for Social Research (NatCen), London, Great Britain" xml:lang="de">Phillips, Miranda
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Social Research, Zagreb, Croatia" xml:lang="en">Marinović Jerolimov, Dinka
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Social Research, Zagreb, Croatia" xml:lang="de">Marinović Jerolimov, Dinka
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="TÁRKI Social Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary" xml:lang="en">Kolosi, Tamás
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="TÁRKI Social Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary" xml:lang="de">Kolosi, Tamás
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="B.I. and Lucille Cohen Institute for public opinion, Tel-Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="en">Lewin-Epstein, Noah
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="B.I. and Lucille Cohen Institute for public opinion, Tel-Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="de">Lewin-Epstein, Noah
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Science Research Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Jónsdóttir, Guðbjörg A.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Science Research Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Jónsdóttir, Guðbjörg A.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Science Research Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Ólafsdóttir, Sigrún
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Science Research Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Ólafsdóttir, Sigrún
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Science Research Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Einarsson, Hafsteinn
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Science Research Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Einarsson, Hafsteinn
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), Tokyo, Japan" xml:lang="en">Kobayashi, Toshiyuki
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), Tokyo, Japan" xml:lang="de">Kobayashi, Toshiyuki
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), Tokyo, Japan" xml:lang="en">Murata, Hiroko
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), Tokyo, Japan" xml:lang="de">Murata, Hiroko
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Sociology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea" xml:lang="en">Kim, Jibum
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Sociology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea" xml:lang="de">Kim, Jibum
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD), Bergen, Norway" xml:lang="en">Karlsen, Gry
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD), Bergen, Norway" xml:lang="de">Karlsen, Gry
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD), Bergen, Norway" xml:lang="en">Kalgraff Skjåk, Knut
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD), Bergen, Norway" xml:lang="de">Kalgraff Skjåk, Knut
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="The University of Auckland, New Zealand" xml:lang="en">Milne, Barry
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="The University of Auckland, New Zealand" xml:lang="de">Milne, Barry
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="The University of Auckland, New Zealand" xml:lang="en">Bulbulia, Joseph
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="The University of Auckland, New Zealand" xml:lang="de">Bulbulia, Joseph
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="The University of Auckland, New Zealand" xml:lang="en">Randow, Martin von
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="The University of Auckland, New Zealand" xml:lang="de">Randow, Martin von
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Weather Stations, Quezon City, Philippines" xml:lang="en">Guerrero, Linda Luz
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Weather Stations, Quezon City, Philippines" xml:lang="de">Guerrero, Linda Luz
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Levada-Center, Moscow, Russia" xml:lang="en">Olga, Karaeva
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Levada-Center, Moscow, Russia" xml:lang="de">Olga, Karaeva
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Sweden" xml:lang="en">Edlund, Jonas
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Sweden" xml:lang="de">Edlund, Jonas
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia" xml:lang="en">Hafner Fink, Mitja
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia" xml:lang="de">Hafner Fink, Mitja
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia" xml:lang="en">Malnar, Brina
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia" xml:lang="de">Malnar, Brina
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia" xml:lang="en">Bahna, Miloslav
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia" xml:lang="de">Bahna, Miloslav
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia" xml:lang="en">Krivý, Vladimír
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia" xml:lang="de">Krivý, Vladimír
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia" xml:lang="en">Zagrapan, Jozef
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia" xml:lang="de">Zagrapan, Jozef
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia" xml:lang="en">Klobucký, Robert
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia" xml:lang="de">Klobucký, Robert
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="King Prajadhipok’s Institute, Bangkok, Thailand" xml:lang="en">Bureekul, Thawilwadee
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="King Prajadhipok’s Institute, Bangkok, Thailand" xml:lang="de">Bureekul, Thawilwadee
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="King Prajadhipok’s Institute, Bangkok, Thailand" xml:lang="en">Sangmahamad, Ratchawadee
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="King Prajadhipok’s Institute, Bangkok, Thailand" xml:lang="de">Sangmahamad, Ratchawadee
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="King Prajadhipok’s Institute, Bangkok, Thailand" xml:lang="en">Udompong, Lertporn
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="King Prajadhipok’s Institute, Bangkok, Thailand" xml:lang="de">Udompong, Lertporn
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan" xml:lang="en">Fu, Yang-chih
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan" xml:lang="de">Fu, Yang-chih
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago, Chicago, USA" xml:lang="en">Smith, Tom W.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago, Chicago, USA" xml:lang="de">Smith, Tom W.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago, Chicago, USA" xml:lang="en">Bautista, Rene
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago, Chicago, USA" xml:lang="de">Bautista, Rene
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty xml:lang="en">CRRC-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty xml:lang="de">CRRC-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Milan, Dept. Social and Political Sciences, Milan, Italy" xml:lang="en">Pedrazzani, Andrea
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Milan, Dept. Social and Political Sciences, Milan, Italy" xml:lang="de">Pedrazzani, Andrea
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Milan, Dept. Social and Political Sciences, Milan, Italy" xml:lang="en">Vegetti, Federico
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Milan, Dept. Social and Political Sciences, Milan, Italy" xml:lang="de">Vegetti, Federico
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania" xml:lang="en">Krupavičius, Algis
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania" xml:lang="de">Krupavičius, Algis
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Istanbul Policy Center, Istanbul, Turkey" xml:lang="en">Çarkoğlu, Ali
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Istanbul Policy Center, Istanbul, Turkey" xml:lang="de">Çarkoğlu, Ali
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Istanbul Policy Center, Istanbul, Turkey" xml:lang="en">Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Istanbul Policy Center, Istanbul, Turkey" xml:lang="de">Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa" xml:lang="en">Struwig, Jare
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa" xml:lang="de">Struwig, Jare
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa" xml:lang="en">Roberts, Benjamin
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa" xml:lang="de">Roberts, Benjamin
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa" xml:lang="en">Ngungu, Mercy
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa" xml:lang="de">Ngungu, Mercy
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa" xml:lang="en">Gordon, Steven
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa" xml:lang="de">Gordon, Steven
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname" xml:lang="en">Sno, Tamira
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname" xml:lang="de">Sno, Tamira
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="VU Amsterdam, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">Ganzeboom, Harry
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="VU Amsterdam, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">Ganzeboom, Harry
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        <topcClas xml:lang="en" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TopicClassification/4.0?languageVersion=en-4.0">Religion and values</topcClas><topcClas xml:lang="de" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TopicClassification/4.0?languageVersion=de-4.0.1">Religion und Werte</topcClas>
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      <abstract xml:lang="en">The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about religion and religious identity.</abstract><abstract xml:lang="en">Assessment of personal happiness; satisfaction with relationships with family members; attitudes towards extramarital sex; attitudes towards homosexual relationships between adults; attitudes towards abortion if family has very low income; gender roles in marriage; institutional trust (parliament, business and industry, churches and religious organisations, courts and legal system, schools and educational system); attitudes towards the influence of religious leaders on voters; attitudes towards science and religion (too much trust in science and too little religious faith, more conflicts through religions than peace, intolerance of people with strong religious convictions); assessment of the power of churches and religious organisations in the country; acceptance of a person from different religion as spouse of a relative (social distance); attitudes towards freedom of expression for religious extremists in public meetings, on the Internet and in social media; doubt or firm belief in God (scale deism); past or present belief in God; belief in life after death, heaven, hell, religious miracles and supernatural powers of deceased ancestors; attitude towards a higher truth and the meaning of life (God concerns himself with human beings, people can do little to change life (fatalism), life is meaningful because God exists, life does not serve any purpose, own actions give meaning to life, own way in connecting with God without church or worship services); Opinion on gender equality in one´s own religion; religion of mother and father in the respondent´s childhood; religion the respondent raised in; frequency of church attendance by father and mother in the respondent´s childhood; personal frequency of church attendance at the age of 11-12; frequency of prayers; frequency of participation in church activities (apart from attending church services); read or listened to religious scriptures outside of church services in the last 12 months (e.g. Bible, Koran, Torah or other religious scriptures); shrine, altar or religious object (e.g. cross) in the respondent´s home; frequency of visiting a holy place (shrine, temple, church or mosque) for religious reasons; self-assessment of religiousness and spirituality; religion helps people to make friends and to gain comfort in difficult times; religions are a barrier to equality between women and men; opinion on the separation of state and religion (government should not interfere with attempts of religion to spread); opinion on the peaceful coexistence of people belonging to different religions; religion represents the past and not the future; religion is as relevant to life today as in the past; personal attitude towards different religious groups (Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, atheists or non-believers); self-assessment of health status.  Optional items (not in all countries): born-again experience; feelings about the Bible; new commitment to religion after a turning point; belief in lucky charms, fortune tellers, faith healers and horoscopes; decision criteria for personal actions (laws or religious principles); perceived threat of people belonging to different groups (Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, non-believers); people can be trusted vs. can´t be too careful in dealing with people; belief in reincarnation and Nirvana; country’s laws should not be based on religion.  Demography: sex; age; year of birth; years of full-time schooling; country specific highest completed degree of education; highest completed degree of education (derived from country specific degree) ; current or former employment status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; supervision of other employees; number of other employees supervised; type of organisation: for-profit vs. non-profit and public vs. private; occupation (ISCO/ILO-08); main status; living in steady partnership; trade union membership; religious affiliation or denomination (country specific); groups of religious denomination (derived from country specific religion); attendance of religious services; top-bottom self-placement; vote participation in last general election; country specific party voted for in last general election; left-right scheme of party voted for in last general election (derived from country-specific parties); ethnic group 1 and 2 (country specific); household size; household composition: number of adults in the household; number of children above school entry age in the household; number of children below school age in the household; personal income (country specific); household income (country specific); legal partnership status; father´s and mother´s country of birth (migration background); place of living: urban – rural; region (country specific).  Information about spouse/ partner on: current or former employment status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; supervision of other employees; occupation (ISCO/ILO-08); main employment status.  Additionally coded was: respondent-ID; case substitution flag; interview date (year, month, day); weight; mode of data-collection; country (ISO 3166, country/ Sample ISO 31666, country/ Sample Prefix ISO 3166); flag variable indicating partially completed cases.</abstract><abstract xml:lang="de">Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Religion und religiöser Identität.</abstract><abstract xml:lang="de">Einschätzung des persönlichen Glücksgefühls; Zufriedenheit mit den Beziehungen zu Familienmitgliedern; Einstellung zu außerehelichem Geschlechtsverkehr; Einstellung zu homosexuellen Beziehungen zwischen Erwachsenen; Einstellung zur Abtreibung bei geringem Familieneinkommen; Geschlechterrollenverständnis in der Ehe; Institutionenvertrauen (Parlament, Unternehmen und Industrie, Kirche und religiöse Organisationen, Gerichte und Rechtssystem, Schulen und Bildungssystem); Einstellung zum Einfluss religiöser Führer auf Wähler; Einstellung zu Wissenschaft und Religion (zu viel Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft und zu wenig religiöser Glaube, mehr Konflikte durch Religionen als Frieden, Intoleranz von Menschen mit starken religiösen Überzeugungen); Beurteilung der Macht von Kirchen und religiösen Organisationen im Land; Akzeptanz einer Person anderen Glaubens oder mit sehr unterschiedlicher religiösen Ansichten als Ehepartner eines Verwandten (soziale Distanz); Einstellung zur Meinungsfreiheit für religiöse Extremisten bei öffentlichen Versammlungen, im Internet und in sozialen Medien; Zweifel oder fester Glaube an Gott (Skala Deismus); früherer oder derzeitiger Gottesglaube;  Glaube an ein Leben nach dem Tod, Himmel, Hölle, religiöse Wunder und übernatürliche Kräfte verstorbener Vorfahren; Einstellung zu einer höheren Wahrheit und zum Sinn des Lebens (Gott kümmert sich um jeden Menschen persönlich, nur wenig persönlicher Einfluss auf das Leben möglich (Fatalismus), Leben hat nur einen Sinn aufgrund der Existenz Gottes, Leben dient keinem Zweck, eigenes Tun verleiht dem Leben Sinn, persönliche Verbindung mit Gott ohne Kirche oder Gottesdienste); Meinung zur Geschlechtergleichstellung in der eigenen Religion; Religion von Mutter und Vater in der Kindheit des Befragten; Religion, mit der der Befragte aufgewachsen ist; Kirchgangshäufigkeit des Vaters und der Mutter in der Kindheit des Befragten; persönliche Kirchgangshäufigkeit im Alter von 11 bis 12 Jahren; Häufigkeit von Gebeten;  Häufigkeit der Teilnahme an kirchlichen Aktivitäten (abgesehen vom Besuch von Gottesdiensten); in den letzten 12 Monaten außerhalb des Gottesdienstes religiöse Schriften gelesen oder gehört (z.B. Bibel, Koran, Thora oder andere religiöse Schriften); Schrein, Altar oder religiöses Objekt (z.B. Kreuz) im Haushalt des Befragten; Häufigkeit des Besuchs eines heiligen Ortes (Schrein, Tempel, Kirche oder Moschee) aus religiösen Gründen; Selbsteinschätzung der Religiosität und Spiritualität; Vorteilhaftigkeit der Ausübung einer Religion um Freundschaften zu schließen und als Unterstützung in schwierigen Zeiten; Religionen als Hindernis für die Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern; Meinung zur Trennung von Staat und Religion; Meinung zur friedlichen Koexistenz von Menschen unterschiedlicher Religionen; Religion steht für die Vergangenheit und nicht für die Zukunft; Religion ist für das Leben heute genauso relevant wie in der Vergangenheit; Einstellung gegenüber verschiedenen religiösen Gruppen (Christen, Muslime, Hindus, Buddhisten, Juden, Atheisten oder Nicht-Gläubige); Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustands.  Optionale Items (nicht in allen Ländern durchgeführt): wiedergeborene Christen; Einstellung zur Bibel; Bekehrung zum Glauben nach einem Schlüsselerlebnis; Glaube an Glücksbringer, Wahrsager, Gesundbeter und Horoskope; Entscheidungskriterien für persönliches Handeln (Gesetze oder religiöse Prinzipien); wahrgenommene Bedrohung durch Angehörige verschiedener Gruppen (Christen, Muslime, Hindus, Buddhisten, Juden, Nicht-Gläubige); Personenvertrauen vs. Vorsicht im Umgang mit Menschen; die Gesetze eines Landes sollten nicht auf einer Religion basieren; Glaube an Reinkarnation und Nirvana.  Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsjahr); Jahre der Schulbildung; Bildung  (länderspezifisch); höchster Bildungsabschluss (abgeleitet vom länderspezifischen Bildungsgrad); derzeitiger oder früherer Erwerbsstatus; Wochenarbeitszeit; Arbeitsverhältnis; Vorgesetztenfunktion; Anzahl der Mitarbeiter, für die Weisungsbefugnis besteht; Art des Unternehmens: Gewinn vs. Gemeinnützigkeit bzw. öffentlich vs. privat; Beruf (ISCO/ ILO 2008); Hauptbeschäftigungsstatus; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Religionszugehörigkeit oder Konfession (länderspezifisch); Konfessionsgruppen (abgeleitet von der länderspezifischen Religion); Kirchgangshäufigkeit; subjektive Schichteinstufung (Selbsteinstufung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala); Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten allgemeinen Wahl und gewählte länderspezifische Partei; Einstufung der gewählten Partei auf einem Links-Rechts-Schema; ethnische Gruppenzugehörigkeit (länderspezifisch); Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung: Anzahl der Erwachsenen im Haushalt; Anzahl der Kinder im Haushalt, die das Schuleintrittsalter überschritten haben; Anzahl der Kinder im Haushalt, die das Schulalter noch nicht erreicht haben; persönliches Einkommen des Befragten (länderspezifisch); Haushaltseinkommen (länderspezifisch); Familienstand; Geburtsland von Vater und Mutter (Migrationshintergrund); Urbanisierungsgrad des Wohnortes; Region (länderspezifisch).  Informationen über den Ehegatten/ Partner zu folgenden Themen: derzeitiger oder früherer Erwerbsstatus, Wochenarbeitszeit, Arbeitsverhältnis, Vorgesetztenfunktion, Beruf (ISCO/ ILO 2008); Hauptbeschäftigungsstatus.  Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Kennzeichnungsvariable für die Ersetzung von Fällen; Interviewdatum (Jahr, Monat, Tag); Gewicht; Erhebungsverfahren; Land der Datenerhebung (Ländercode ISO 3166, Ländercode/Sample ISO 3166; Ländercode Präfix ISO 3166); Kennzeichnungsvariable für vollständige, partielle und abgebrochene Interviews.</abstract>
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