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DDI2.5 XML CODEBOOK RECORD FOR STUDY NUMBER 6697 Business Structure Database, 1997-2023: Secure Access 669710.5255/UKDA-SN-6697-16 Office for National Statistics <a href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/" target="_blank">© Crown copyright</a>. The use of these data is subject to the <a href="https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/app/uploads/cd137-enduserlicence.pdf" target="_blank">UK Data Service End User Licence Agreement</a>. Additional restrictions may also apply. Office for National Statistics UK Data Service 12 September 2011 INDUSTRIESBUSINESSESBUSINESS CLOSURESBUSINESS ECONOMICSBUSINESS FORMATIONBUSINESS OWNERSHIPEMPLOYEESEMPLOYERSEMPLOYMENTTURNOVERFOREIGN ENTERPRISESINCOME TAXCONSUMPTION TAXSOCIAL DISADVANTAGE Business/industrial management and organisationEconomicsTrade, industry and markets Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Business Structure Database (BSD) contains a small number of variables for almost all business organisations in the UK. The BSD is derived primarily from the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR), which is a live register of data collected by HM Revenue and Customs via VAT and Pay As You Earn (PAYE) records. The IDBR data are complimented with data from ONS business surveys. If a business is liable for VAT (turnover exceeds the VAT threshold) and/or has at least one member of staff registered for the PAYE tax collection system, then the business will appear on the IDBR (and hence in the BSD). In 2004 it was estimated that the businesses listed on the IDBR accounted for almost 99 per cent of economic activity in the UK. Only very small businesses, such as the self-employed were not found on the IDBR. The IDBR is frequently updated, and contains confidential information that cannot be accessed by non-civil servants without special permission. However, the ONS Virtual Micro-data Laboratory (VML) created and developed the BSD, which is a 'snapshot' in time of the IDBR, in order to provide a version of the IDBR for research use, taking full account of changes in ownership and restructuring of businesses. The 'snapshot' is taken around April, and the captured point-in-time data are supplied to the VML by the following September. The reporting period is generally the financial year. For example, the 2000 BSD file is produced in September 2000, using data captured from the IDBR in April 2000. The data will reflect the financial year of April 1999 to March 2000. However, the ONS may, during this time, update the IDBR with data on companies from its own business surveys, such as the Annual Business Survey (SN 7451). The data are divided into 'enterprises' and 'local units'. An enterprise is the overall business organisation. A local unit is a 'plant', such as a factory, shop, branch, etc. In some cases, an enterprise will only have one local unit, and in other cases (such as a bank or supermarket), an enterprise will own many local units. For each company, data are available on employment, turnover, foreign ownership, and industrial activity based on Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)92, SIC 2003 or SIC 2007. Year of 'birth' (company start-up date) and 'death' (termination date) are also included, as well as postcodes for both enterprises and their local units. Previously only pseudo-anonymised postcodes were available but now all postcodes are real. The ONS is continually developing the BSD, and so researchers are strongly recommended to read all documentation pertaining to this dataset before using the data. Linking to Other Business Studies These data contain IDBR reference numbers. These are anonymous but unique reference numbers assigned to business organisations. Their inclusion allows researchers to combine different business survey sources together. Researchers may consider applying for other business data to assist their research. Latest Edition Information For the sixteenth edition (March 2024), data files and a variable catalogue document for 2023 have been added. Main Topics: The following variables are available for enterprises and local units:<ul><li>employment (and employees)</li><li>turnover</li><li>Standard Industrial Classification (1992, 2003 and 2007 classifications are available)</li><li>legal status (e.g. sole proprietor, partnership, public corporation, non-profit organisation etc)</li><li>foreign ownership</li><li>birth (company start date)</li><li>death (termination date of trading)</li><li>various geographical variables </li></ul>'Employment' includes business owners, whereas 'employees' measures the number of staff, excluding owners. Observations for enterprises also include a variable for ownership if the enterprise is part of a large group of companies. Local units have an additional ‘death code’ variable, which serves as an indicator as to why the plant closed (e.g. as a result of a merger). It should also be noted that there is no turnover information for individual plants. This is because the ONS does not collect financial information at the plant level, which is notoriously difficult, especially for manufacturing plants where often no financial transactions are processed. The birth and death variables are particularly useful for research, although it should be noted that for businesses that began trading before 1973, their birth date will be set to 1973. This is the year that VAT was introduced in the UK, and hence the first point in time for VAT registration for these companies. Companies that began trading since 1973 have their ‘real’ date of birth listed. United Kingdom Institutions/organisationsNational Businesses in the United Kingdom registered for VAT and/or PAYE in 1997-2023. Numeric Time Series No sampling (total universe) Compilation/Synthesis The Data Collection is available to users registered with the UK Data Service.Commercial use is not permitted.Use of the data requires approval from the data owner or their nominee. Registered users must apply for access via a DEA Research Project Application.Registered users must complete the Safe Researcher Training course and gain <a href="https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/digitaleconomyact-research-statistics/better-useofdata-for-research-information-for-researchers/" target="_blank">DEA Accredited Researcher Status</a>.Registered users must be based in the UK when accessing data.The Data Collection must be accessed via a secure connection method in a safe environment approved by the UK Data Service. See <restrctn> https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=212 https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=194 Lahr, H. and Mina, A. (2020) 'Endogenous financial constraints and innovation', Industrial and Corporate Change, dtaa035, https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtaa035. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtaa035 Trushin, E. and Ugur, M. (2020) 'Intra-industry firm heterogeneity, sub-optimal adaptation and exit hazard: a fitness landscape approach to firm survival and learning', Economics of Innovation and New Technology, https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2020.1766655. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2020.1766655 Calel, R. (2020) 'Adopt or innovate: understanding technological responses to Cap-and-Trade', American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 12, 3, pp.170-201, https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180135. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180135 Morris, D., Vanino, E. and Corradini, C. (2020) 'Effect of regional skill gaps and skill shortages on firm productivity', Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52, 5, pp.933-952, https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19889634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19889634 Leidecker, T. (2018) Three essays on the impact of economic change on the labour market, Coventry: University of Warwick [Ph.D. thesis]. Three essays on the impact of economic change on the labour market Nathan, M. (2020) 'Does light touch cluster policy work? Evaluating the tech city programme', Research Policy. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.104138 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104138 Einio, E. and Overman, H. G. (2020) 'The effects of supporting local businesas: evidence from the UK,, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.103500 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.103500 Matikonis, K. and Gobey, M. (2023) 'Small business property tax reductions and firm productivity', Small Business Economics. doi:10.1007/s11187-023-00768-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-023-00768-0 Audretsch, D.B. and Belitski, M. (2023) 'Geography of knowledge collaboration and innovation in Schumpeterian firms', Regional Studies. doi:10.1080/00343404.2023.2222137 https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2222137 Audretsch, D.B., Belitski, M., Caiazza, R.and Siegel, D. (2023) 'Effects of open innovation in startups: theory and evidence',Technological Forecasting and Social Change,194, 122694. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122694 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122694 Audretsch, D.B., Belitski, M., Caiazza, R. and Phan, P. (2023) 'Collaboration strategies and SME innovation performance'. Journal of Business Research, 164, 114018. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114018 Audretsch, D.B. and Belitski, M. (2022) 'Evaluating internal and external knowledge sources in firm innovation and productivity: an industry perspective', R and D Management. doi:10.1111/radm.12556 https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12556 Price, V. (2023) 'Home-based business performance: a study of geography, gender and small business growth in the UK', University of Southampton, Doctoral Thesis, 274pp. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/477176/ Costa, R., Dhingra, S. and Machin, S. (2024) 'New dawn fades: Trade, labour and the Brexit exchange rate depreciation', Journal of International Economics, 152, 103993. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2024.103993 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2024.103993 D'Costa, S. (2024) Re-evaluating the urban wage premium: the changing roles of geographical and job transitions for women and men. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 108, 104038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104038 Corradini, C., Morris, D., and Vanino, E. (2025) ‘Marshallian agglomeration, labour pooling and skills matching’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 49(3), 527-557, https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaf010. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaf010 https://oai.ukdataservice.ac.uk:8443/oai/provider 6697 2025-12-17T06:19:01Z ddi:codebook:2_5