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DDI2.5 XML CODEBOOK RECORD FOR STUDY NUMBER 4150 Health Survey for England, 1998 415010.5255/UKDA-SN-4150-1 National Centre for Social Research University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health <a href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/" target="_blank">© Crown copyright</a>. The use of these data is subject to the <a href="https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/app/uploads/cd137-enduserlicence.pdf" target="_blank">UK Data Service End User Licence Agreement</a>. Additional restrictions may also apply. Department of Health UK Data Service 28 June 2000 ACCIDENTSADULTSAGEALCOHOL USEALCOHOLIC DRINKSALCOHOLISMANXIETYATTITUDESBEDROOMSBICYCLESBLOODANTHROPOMETRIC DATABUILDING MAINTENANCECARBOHYDRATESCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASESCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMCARE OF DEPENDANTSCAUSES OF DEATHCEREAL PRODUCTSCHILD BENEFITSCHILDRENCHRONIC ILLNESSCLINICAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTSCONCENTRATIONCONFECTIONERYCONTRACEPTIVE DEVICESCOUGHINGDAIRY PRODUCTSDEBILITATIVE ILLNESSDECISION MAKINGDEGREESDEPRESSIONDIABETESDIET AND EXERCISEDISABILITIESDISABLED PERSONSDISEASESDOMESTIC RESPONSIBILITIESDRUG USEECONOMIC ACTIVITYEDIBLE FATSEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDEMPLOYEESEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT HISTORYETHNIC GROUPSEXAMINATIONSEXERCISE (PHYSICAL ACTIVITY)FAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFATHERSFISH (AS FOOD)FRIENDSFRUITFULL-TIME EMPLOYMENTFURNISHED ACCOMMODATIONGARDENINGGENDERGENERAL PRACTITIONERSHAEMATOLOGIC DISEASESHAPPINESSHEADS OF HOUSEHOLDHEALTHHEALTH ADVICEHEALTH PROFESSIONALSHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH CONSULTATIONSHEART DISEASESHEIGHT (PHYSIOLOGY)HOME OWNERSHIPHORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPYHOSPITALIZATIONHOSPITAL SERVICESHOSPITAL WAITING LISTSHOUSEHOLD HEAD'S OCCUPATIONHOUSEHOLDSHOUSEWORKHOUSINGHOUSING TENUREILL HEALTHINCOMEINDUSTRIAL INJURIESINDUSTRIESINJURIESJOB SEEKER'S ALLOWANCELANDLORDSLEISURE TIME ACTIVITIESLIFE STYLESMANAGERSMARITAL STATUSMEATMEDICAL CAREMEDICAL DIAGNOSISMEDICAL HISTORYMEDICAL PRESCRIPTIONSMENSTRUATIONMILKMOTHERSMOTOR PROCESSESMOTOR VEHICLESNEIGHBOURHOODSOCCUPATIONAL PENSIONSOCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONSOCCUPATIONSHOSPITAL OUTPATIENT SERVICESPAINPARENTSPART-TIME EMPLOYMENTPASSIVE SMOKINGPATIENTSPHYSICAL ACTIVITIESPHYSICIANSPLACE OF BIRTHPREGNANCYPRIVATE SECTORPERSONAL PROTECTIVE GEARQUALIFICATIONSRENTED ACCOMMODATIONRESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASESRETIREMENTROAD ACCIDENTSSALTSAVINGSSAVOURY SNACKSSELF-EMPLOYEDSELF-ESTEEMSHARED HOME OWNERSHIPSICK LEAVESICK PERSONSSLEEPSMOKINGSMOKING CESSATIONSOCIAL CLASSSOCIAL HOUSINGSOCIAL INTEGRATIONSOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITSSOCIAL SUPPORTSOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUSSPORTSTATE RETIREMENT PENSIONSSTRESS (PSYCHOLOGICAL)STUDENTSSUPERVISORSSURGERYSYMPTOMSTIED HOUSINGTOBACCOTOP MANAGEMENTTRANSPORT ACCIDENTSUNEMPLOYEDUNFURNISHED ACCOMMODATIONVASCULAR DISEASESVEGETABLESVOCATIONAL EDUCATION CERTIFICATESWAGESWALKINGWEIGHT (PHYSIOLOGY)YOUTH Health care services and policiesGeneral health and well-being Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.<div>The Health Survey for England (HSE) is a series of surveys designed to monitor trends in the nation's health.  It was commissioned by NHS Digital and carried out by the Joint Health Surveys Unit of the National Centre for Social Research and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College London.</div><div> </div><div>The aims of the HSE series are:</div><ul><li>to provide annual data about the nation’s health;</li><li>to estimate the proportion of people in England with specified health conditions;</li><li>to estimate the prevalence of certain risk factors associated with these conditions;</li><li>to examine differences between population subgroups in their likelihood of having specific conditions or risk factors;</li><li>to assess the frequency with which particular combinations of risk factors are found, and which groups these combinations most commonly occur;</li><li>to monitor progress towards selected health targets</li><li>since 1995, to measure the height of children at different ages, replacing the National Study of Health and Growth;</li><li>since 1995, monitor the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children.</li></ul>The survey includes a number of core questions every year but also focuses on different health issues at each wave. Topics are revisited at appropriate intervals in order to monitor change. Further information about the series may be found on the NHS Digital <a href="https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/areas-of-interest/public-health/health-survey-for-england---health-social-care-and-lifestyles#about-the-survey" title="Health Survey for England; health, social care and lifestyles" target="_blank">Health Survey for England; health, social care and lifestyles</a> webpage, the NatCen Social Research <a href="https://natcen.ac.uk/s/health-survey-england" title="NatCen Health Survey for England" target="_blank">NatCen Health Survey for England</a> webpage and the University College London Health and Social Surveys Research Group <a title="UCL Health Survey for England" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/epidemiology-health-care/research/epidemiology-and-public-health/research/health-and-social-surveys-research-group/studies-0" target="_blank">UCL Health Survey for England</a> webpage. Changes to the HSE from 2015: Users should note that from 2015 survey onwards, only the individual data file is available under standard End User Licence (EUL). The household data file is now only included in the Special Licence (SL) version, released from 2015 onwards. In addition, the SL individual file contains all the variables included in the HSE EUL dataset, plus others, including variables removed from the EUL version after the NHS England disclosure review. The SL HSE is subject to more restrictive access conditions than the EUL version (see Access information). Users are advised to obtain the EUL version to see if it meets their needs before considering an application for the SL version.COVID-19 and the HSE: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the HSE 2020 survey was stopped in March 2020 and never re-started. There was no publication that year. The survey resumed in 2021, albeit with an amended methodology. The full HSE resumed in 2022, with an extended fieldwork period. Due to this, the decision was taken not to progress with the 2023 survey, to maximise the 2022 survey response and enable more robust reporting of data. See the <a href="https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/areas-of-interest/public-health/health-survey-for-england---health-social-care-and-lifestyles#about-the-survey">NHS Digital Health Survey for England - Health, social care and lifestyles</a> webpage for more details. For the fifth edition (April 2010), three new children's Body Mass Index (BMI) variables have been added to the individual data file (bmicat1, bmicat2, bmicat3). Further information is available in the documentation and on the Information Centre for Health and Social Care <a href=" http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/health-and-lifestyles-related-surveys/health-survey-for-england" title "Health Survey for England" >Health Survey for England</a> web page. Main Topics: The 1998 survey had two separate elements: an interviewer visit and a nurse visit. At the first visit, all respondents aged 13 and over were asked to give a CAPI (computed assisted) interview on a range of health related topics. Parents/guardians of 2-12 year olds were interviewed about the child, with the child present. Information was collected on the following topics: Interviewer survey: general health, longstanding illness, limiting longstanding illness, acute sickness, respiratory problems, accidents, eating habits, physical activity, smoking (respondents aged 8 years onwards), drinking (respondents aged 8 years onwards - including CAGE if 16 years and over), reported birthweight (those aged 2-15 years), economic status/occupation and educational attainment (respondents aged 16 years onwards only), ethnic origin; parental history (respondents aged 16 years onwards only), height/weight measurements, perception of current weight (respondents aged 8 years onwards), GHQ 12 (respondents aged 13 years and onwards - see definition below), social support (those aged 13 years and over), use of contraceptive pill (respondents aged 16 years onwards), hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (respondents aged 18 years onwards), use of health services, heart problems, diabetes. Some information was collected by via self-completion form: smoking and drinking (for those aged 8-17 years and some respondents aged 18-19), perception of current weight, GHQ-12, social support, use of contraceptive pill and HRT. Household level information was obtained on: household size, composition and relationships, accommodation tenure and number of bedrooms, smoking in household, car and telephone ownership, income of household, economic status/occupation of head of household, type of dwelling and area. At the nurse visit, information was collected on prescribed drugs (all age groups), vitamin supplements (all age groups) and nicotine replacements (16 years and over only). Upper arm circumference (age 2-17 year olds), demi-span (those aged 65 years and over), waist/hip circumference (16 years and over) and blood pressure (5 years and over) were measured and blood (respondents aged 18 years onwards only) and saliva (respondents aged over 4 years only) samples were taken. Blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, ferritin/haemoglobin fibrinogen and c-reactive protein. Saliva was analysed for cotinine. Some administrative data and some geographic identifiers have been left out of the dataset. Standard Measures General health questionnaire (GHQ12) - copyright David Goldberg, 1978 reproduced by permission of NFER - NELSON. January 1998 - April 199901 January 199831 March 1999 England NationalAdultsChildrenIndividuals Adults (aged 16 and over) and children (aged 2-15 years) living in private households in England Numeric Repeated cross-sectional studyThe survey is conducted annually. Multi-stage stratified random sample Face-to-face interviewSelf-completionClinical measurementsPhysical measurements The Data Collection is available to UK Data Service registered users subject to the <a href="https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/app/uploads/cd137-enduserlicence.pdf" target="_blank">End User Licence Agreement</a>.Access is limited to users based in Higher Education/Further Education institutions, central and local government, the NHS, research companies and charities for non-commercial and teaching purposes. Commercial use is not permitted. Commercial users may apply for the data, provided it is for non-commercial purposes only; access is subject to depositor approval. Data storage and access are limited to the UK and countries that the UK deemed to have an adequate level of data protection as follows: European Economic Area countries, Andorra, Argentina, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Israel, Isle of Man, Jersey, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Switzerland and Uruguay. See <restrctn> https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/ http://healthsurvey.hscic.gov.uk/data-visualisation/data-visualisation/explore-the-trends.aspx http://natcen.ac.uk/our-research/research/health-survey-for-england/ https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/learning-hub/students/resources/quick-start-hse/ https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=124 https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=146 https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=53 https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=148 doi: 10.1136/bmj.j5855 doi: 10.1136/bmj.j5855 Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports doi: 10.1136/bmj.j5855 Usher-Smith, J., Sharp, S., Luben, R. and Griffin, S. (2018) 'Development and validation of lifestyle-based models to predict incidence of the most common potentially preventable cancers', Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, pii: cebp.0400.2018 https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0400 Kypridemos, C., Collins, B., McHale, P., Bromley, H., Parvulescu, P., Capewell, S. and O'Flaherty, M. (2018) 'Future cost-effectiveness and equity of the NHS Health Check cardiovascular disease prevention programme: Microsimulation modelling using data from Liverpool, UK', PLOS Medicine, 15:e1002573 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002573 Semlyen, J., Curtis, T. and Varney, J. (2019) 'Sexual orientation identity in relation to unhealthy body mass index: individual participant data meta-analysis of 93,429 individuals from 12 UK health surveys', Journal of Public Health, fdy224, https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy224. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy224 Adjaye-Gbewonyo, K. and Cois, A. (2022) 'Explaining population trends in cardiovascular risk: Protocol for a comparative analysis of health transitions in South Africa and England using nationally representative survey data', BMJ Open, 12(3), e061034. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061034 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061034 Ogunlayi, F., Coleman, P.C., Fat, L.N.x, et al. (2023) 'Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in behavioural non-communicable disease risk factors: analysis of repeated cross-sectional health surveys in England between 2003 and 2019', BMC Public Health, 23, 1442. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16275-6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16275-6 Fforde, R., Parsons, N. and Oyebode, O. (2023) 'OP105 Does socio-economic status modify how individuals perceive and/or describe their own health? An assessment of reporting heterogeneity in the Health Survey for England', J Epidemiol Community Health, 77:A52. doi10.1136/jech-2023-SSMabstracts.104 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2023-SSMabstracts.104 Russell, S. J., Mytton, O. T., Viner, R. M. (2023). 'Estimating the effects of preventive and weight-management interventions on the prevalence of childhood obesity in England: a modelling study', Lancet Public Health 8(11), 878-888. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(23)00216-5/fulltext Opazo Breton, M. and Gray, L. (2023) 'An age-period-cohort (APC) approach to studying long-term trends in obesity and overweight in England (1992-2019)', Obesity (Silver Spring), 3(3): pp.823- 831. doi:10.1002/oby.23657 https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23657 Opazo Breton, M., et al. (2021) 'Understanding long-term trends in smoking in England, 1972-2019: an age-period-cohort approach', Addiction, 117(5), pp.1392-1403. doi:10.1111/add.15696 https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15696 Campbell, E., et. al. (2024) 'Sociodemographic and health-related differences in non-diabetic hyperglycaemia and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in the Health Survey for England 2013-2019', medRxiv 2024.02.12.24302519. doi: 10.1101/2024.02.12.24302519 https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.12.24302519 Office for National Statistics (2024) 'Risk factors for pre-diabetes and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in England: 2013 to 2019 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthinequalities/bulletins/riskfactorsforprediabetesandundiagnosedtype2diabetesinengland/2013to2019 Lewer, D., Aldridge, R.W., Menezes, D., et al. (2019) 'Health-related quality of life and prevalence of six chronic diseases in homeless and housed people: a cross-sectional study in London and Birmingham, England', BMJ Open, e025192. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025192 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025192 Lewer, D., Meier, P., Beard, E. et al. (2016) 'Unravelling the alcohol harm paradox: a population-based study of social gradients across very heavy drinking thresholds', BMC Public Health 16, 599. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3265-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3265-9 Braat, S. et al. (2024) 'Haemoglobin thresholds to define anaemia from age 6 months to 65 years: estimates from international data sources', The Lancet Haematology. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(24)00030-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(24)00030-9 Fforde, R., Parsons, N. and Oyebode, O. (2024) 'Does socioeconomic status modify how individuals perceive or describe their own health? An assessment of reporting heterogeneity in the Health Survey for England', BMJ Public Health, 2:e000813. doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-0008 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-0008 Scholes S, et al. Estimating Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Risk for the EXPOSE (Explaining Population Trends in Cardiovascular Risk: A Comparative Analysis of Health Transitions in South Africa and England) Study: Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Cardio. 2025 Jan 20. doi:10.2196/64893 https://doi.org/10.2196/64893 Rutter C.E. et al. International prevalence patterns of low eGFR in adults aged 18-60 without traditional risk factors from a population-based cross-sectional disadvantaged populations eGFR epidemiology (DEGREE) study. Kidney Int. 2025 Mar;107(3):541-557. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2024.11.028 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2024.11.028 https://oai.ukdataservice.ac.uk:8443/oai/provider 4150 2025-12-23T06:27:27Z ddi:codebook:2_5