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DDI2.5 XML CODEBOOK RECORD FOR STUDY NUMBER 9485 Labour Force Survey Five-Quarter Longitudinal Dataset, January 2023 - March, 2024 948510.5255/UKDA-SN-9485-1 Office for National Statistics <a href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/" target="_blank">© Crown copyright</a>. The use of these data is subject to the <a href="https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/app/uploads/cd137-enduserlicence.pdf" target="_blank">UK Data Service End User Licence Agreement</a>. Additional restrictions may also apply. Office for National Statistics UK Data Service 09 December 2025 MENTAL HEALTHILL HEALTHCOVID-19SEXABSENTEEISMACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTAGEALLERGIESATTITUDESBONUS PAYMENTSCARE OF DEPENDANTSCHILD CARECHILDRENCHRONIC ILLNESSHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSCONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENTDISABILITIESDISMISSALEARLY RETIREMENTECONOMIC ACTIVITYEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDEDUCATIONAL CERTIFICATESEDUCATIONAL COURSESEDUCATIONAL FEESEDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSEDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYEESEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT HISTORYEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMESEMPLOYMENT SERVICESETHNIC GROUPSFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFIELDS OF STUDYFULL-TIME EMPLOYMENTHEADS OF HOUSEHOLDHEALTHHOME OWNERSHIPHOUSEHOLDSHOUSING TENUREIMMIGRATIONINCOMEINDUSTRIESINVOLUNTARY SHORT TIME WORKINGJOB CHANGINGJOB DESCRIPTIONJOB HUNTINGLABOUR FORCELEAVEMANAGERSMATERNITY LEAVEMATERNITY PAYNATIONAL IDENTITYNATIONALITYOCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONSOCCUPATIONAL TRAININGOCCUPATIONSOVERTIMEPART-TIME COURSESPART-TIME EMPLOYMENTPATERNITY LEAVEPLACE OF BIRTHPLACE OF RESIDENCEPRIVATE SECTORPUBLIC SECTORQUALIFICATIONSRECRUITMENTREDUNDANCYREDUNDANCY PAYRELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONRESIDENTIAL MOBILITYRETIREMENTSEASONAL EMPLOYMENTSELF-EMPLOYEDSHIFT WORKSICK LEAVESICK PAYSMALL BUSINESSESSOCIAL HOUSINGSOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITSSOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUSSPOUSESSTATE RETIREMENT PENSIONSSTUDENTSSUBSIDIARY EMPLOYMENTSUPERVISORSSUPERVISORY STATUSTAX RELIEFTEACHER QUALIFICATIONSTEMPORARY EMPLOYMENTTERMINATION OF SERVICETIED HOUSINGTRAININGTRAINING CENTRESTRAINING COURSESUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYMENTUNWAGED WORKERSVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL EDUCATION CERTIFICATESWAGESWORKING CONDITIONSHOURS OF WORKWORKPLACEHOLIDAY LEAVELABOUR AND EMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSFAMILY BENEFITSHOUSING BENEFITSEDUCATIONAL LEVELSOCCUPATIONAL STATUSPENSIONSPRIVATE PENSIONSSICKNESS AND DISABILITY BENEFITSFURTHER EDUCATIONADULT EDUCATIONACCIDENTS AT WORKOCCUPATIONAL SAFETYPUBLIC HEALTH RISKS Labour and employment Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.Background The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is a unique source of information using international definitions of employment and unemployment and economic inactivity, together with a wide range of related topics such as occupation, training, hours of work and personal characteristics of household members aged 16 years and over. It is used to inform social, economic and employment policy. The LFS was first conducted biennially from 1973-1983. Between 1984 and 1991 the survey was carried out annually and consisted of a quarterly survey conducted throughout the year and a 'boost' survey in the spring quarter (data were then collected seasonally). From 1992 quarterly data were made available, with a quarterly sample size approximately equivalent to that of the previous annual data. The survey then became known as the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS). From December 1994, data gathering for Northern Ireland moved to a full quarterly cycle to match the rest of the country, so the QLFS then covered the whole of the UK (though some additional annual Northern Ireland LFS datasets are also held at the UK Data Archive). Further information on the background to the QLFS may be found in the documentation. Longitudinal data The LFS retains each sample household for five consecutive quarters, with a fifth of the sample replaced each quarter. The main survey was designed to produce cross-sectional data, but the data on each individual have now been linked together to provide longitudinal information. The longitudinal data comprise two types of linked datasets, created using the weighting method to adjust for non-response bias. The two-quarter datasets link data from two consecutive waves, while the five-quarter datasets link across a whole year (for example January 2010 to March 2011 inclusive) and contain data from all five waves. A full series of longitudinal data has been produced, going back to winter 1992. Linking together records to create a longitudinal dimension can, for example, provide information on gross flows over time between different labour force categories (employed, unemployed and economically inactive). This will provide detail about people who have moved between the categories. Also, longitudinal information is useful in monitoring the effects of government policies and can be used to follow the subsequent activities and circumstances of people affected by specific policy initiatives, and to compare them with other groups in the population. There are however methodological problems which could distort the data resulting from this longitudinal linking. The ONS continues to research these issues and advises that the presentation of results should be carefully considered, and warnings should be included with outputs where necessary. LFS Documentation The documentation available from the Archive to accompany LFS datasets largely consists of the latest version of each user guide volume alongside the appropriate questionnaire for the year concerned. However, volumes are updated periodically by ONS, so users are advised to check the latest documents on the ONS <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/methodologies/labourforcesurveyuserguidance" title="Labour Force Survey - User Guidance" target="_blank">Labour Force Survey - User Guidance</a> pages before commencing analysis. This is especially important for users of older QLFS studies, where information and guidance in the user guide documents may have changed over time. Occupation data for 2021 and 2022 data files The ONS has identified an issue with the collection of some occupational data in 2021 and 2022 data files in a number of their surveys. While they estimate any impacts will be small overall, this will affect the accuracy of the breakdowns of some detailed (four-digit Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)) occupations, and data derived from them. Further information can be found in the ONS article published on 11 July 2023: <a title="Revision of miscoded occupational data in the ONS Labour Force Survey, UK: January 2021 to September 2022" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/revisionofmiscodedoccupationaldataintheonslabourforcesurveyuk/january2021toseptember2022" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Revision of miscoded occupational data in the ONS Labour Force Survey, UK: January 2021 to September 2022</a>.2022 WeightingThe population totals used for the latest LFS estimates use projected growth rates from Real Time Information (RTI) data for UK, EU and non-EU populations based on 2021 patterns. The total population used for the LFS therefore does not take into account any changes in migration, birth rates, death rates, and so on since June 2021, and hence levels estimates may be under- or over-estimating the true values and should be used with caution. Estimates of rates will, however, be robust. Main Topics: The five-quarter longitudinal datasets include a subset of the most commonly used variables from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), covering the main areas of the survey. January 2023 - March 202401 January 202331 March 2024 United Kingdom NationalIndividuals Men aged 16-64 and women aged 16-59 at any linked quarter Numeric Longitudinal/panel/cohortEach dataset comprises data from five waves of the QLFS. See documentation for details Compilation or synthesis of existing materialthe datasets were created from existing QLFS data. They do not contain all records, but only those of respondents of working age who have responded to the survey in all the periods being linked. The data therefore comprise approximately one third of all QLFS variables. Cases were linked using the QLFS panel design. The Data Collection is available to UK Data Service registered users subject to the <a href="https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/app/uploads/cd137-enduserlicence.pdf" target="_blank">End User Licence Agreement</a>.Commercial use of the data requires approval from the data owner or their nominee. The UK Data Service will contact you. See <restrctn> https://www.ons.gov.uk/surveys/informationforhouseholdsandindividuals/householdandindividualsurveys/labourforcesurvey https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/ https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/uklabourmarket/previousReleases https://data.gov.uk/dataset/a53b9d2e-a6f7-4be3-ab1b-fd62896ae5c9/economic-and-labour-market-review Razzu, G. and Singleton, C. (2018) 'Segregation and gender gaps in the United Kingdom's great recession and recovery', Feminist Economics, 24, 4, pp.31-55, https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1451907. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1451907 Borowczyk-Martins, D. and Lale, E. (2019) 'Employment adjustment and part-time work: lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom', American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 11, 1, pp.389-435, https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160078. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160078 Hasler, C., Craiu, R. and Rivest, L. (2018) 'Vine copulas for imputation of monotone non‐response', International Statistical Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/insr.12263. https://doi.org/10.1111/insr.12263 Higton, J., Leonardi, S., Howe, P., Dickerson, A., McIntosh, S. and Roberts, J. (2017) 'Evaluation of the Employer Ownership of Skills Pilot, Round 1', DfE Research Report DFE-RR833, Department for Education. https://oai.ukdataservice.ac.uk:8443/oai/provider 9485 2025-12-10T08:07:04Z ddi:codebook:2_5