2026-04-29T02:45:52Z https://datacatalogue.cessda.eu/oai-pmh/v0/oai

415211b555368c663286185bae009b4605120d713ef2a49d3609779bab291445 2025-06-17T03:14:54Z language:enopenaire_data

DDI study level documentation for study 10.7802/1908 Direct and indirect punishment among strangers in the field Direct and indirect punishment among strangers in the field Direct and indirect punishment among strangers in the field 10.7802/190810.7802/190810.7802/190810.7802/1908 Balafoutas, Loukas Balafoutas, Loukas Nikiforakis, Nikos Nikiforakis, Nikos Rockenbach, Bettina Rockenbach, Bettina GESIS Data Archive for the Social SciencesGESIS Datenarchiv für Sozialwissenschaften Many interactions in modern human societies are among strangers. Explaining cooperation in such interactions is challenging. The two most prominent explanations critically depend on individuals’ willingness to punish defectors: In models of direct punishment,individuals punish antisocial behavior at a personal cost, whereas in models of indirect reciprocity, they punish indirectly by withholding rewards. We investigate these competing explanations in a field experiment with real-life interactions among strangers. We find clear evidence of both direct and indirect punishment. Direct punishment is not rewarded by strangers and, in line with models of indirect reciprocity, is crowded out by indirect punishment opportunities. The existence of direct and indirect punishment in daily life indicates the importance of both means for understanding the evolution of cooperation.Many interactions in modern human societies are among strangers. Explaining cooperation in such interactions is challenging. The two most prominent explanations critically depend on individuals’ willingness to punish defectors: In models of direct punishment,individuals punish antisocial behavior at a personal cost, whereas in models of indirect reciprocity, they punish indirectly by withholding rewards. We investigate these competing explanations in a field experiment with real-life interactions among strangers. We find clear evidence of both direct and indirect punishment. Direct punishment is not rewarded by strangers and, in line with models of indirect reciprocity, is crowded out by indirect punishment opportunities. The existence of direct and indirect punishment in daily life indicates the importance of both means for understanding the evolution of cooperation. DeutschlandDeutschland 447 ObservationObservationBeobachtungObservation Restricted Access - To get access to the research data, the original data depositor's consent is needed. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0: Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell – Keine Bearbeitung (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de)Eingeschränkter Zugang - Für den Zugang zu den Forschungsdaten muss eine Einwilligung der Datengebenden eingeholt werden. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0: Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell – Keine Bearbeitung (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de) http://dbkapps.gesis.org/dbkoai/oai.asp oai:dbk.gesis.org:SDN/10.7802_1908 2023-03-11 ddi:codebook:2_5