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        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Tirana, Albania" xml:lang="en">Ceka, Blendi
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Tirana, Albania" xml:lang="de">Ceka, Blendi
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Australian National University, Australia" xml:lang="en">McAllister, Ian
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Australian National University, Australia" xml:lang="de">McAllister, Ian
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Australian National University, Australia" xml:lang="en">Sheppard, Jill
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Australian National University, Australia" xml:lang="de">Sheppard, Jill
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Vienna, Austria" xml:lang="en">Mueller, Wolfgang C.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Vienna, Austria" xml:lang="de">Mueller, Wolfgang C.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Vienna, Austria" xml:lang="en">Kritzinger, Sylvia
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Vienna, Austria" xml:lang="de">Kritzinger, Sylvia
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Vienna, Austria" xml:lang="en">Boomgaarden, Hajo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Vienna, Austria" xml:lang="de">Boomgaarden, Hajo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Ku Leuven, Centre for Political Research" xml:lang="en">Hooghe, Marc
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Ku Leuven, Centre for Political Research" xml:lang="de">Hooghe, Marc
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Montreal, Department of Political Science" xml:lang="en">Dassonneville, Ruth
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Montreal, Department of Political Science" xml:lang="de">Dassonneville, Ruth
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Ku Leuven, Centre for Political Research" xml:lang="en">Okolikj, Martin
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Ku Leuven, Centre for Political Research" xml:lang="de">Okolikj, Martin
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Ku Leuven, Centre for Political Research" xml:lang="en">Stiers, Dieter
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Ku Leuven, Centre for Political Research" xml:lang="de">Stiers, Dieter
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre for Studies on Public Opinion, Universidade de Campinas, Brazil" xml:lang="en">Meneguello, Rachel
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre for Studies on Public Opinion, Universidade de Campinas, Brazil" xml:lang="de">Meneguello, Rachel
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Western Ontario, Canada" xml:lang="en">Stephenson, Laura
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Western Ontario, Canada" xml:lang="de">Stephenson, Laura
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada" xml:lang="en">Harell, Allison
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada" xml:lang="de">Harell, Allison
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Ryerson University, Canada" xml:lang="en">Rubenson, Daniel
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Ryerson University, Canada" xml:lang="de">Rubenson, Daniel
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Toronto, Canada" xml:lang="en">Loewen, Peter John
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Toronto, Canada" xml:lang="de">Loewen, Peter John
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Universidad Diego Portales, Chile" xml:lang="en">Segovia, Caroline
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Universidad Diego Portales, Chile" xml:lang="de">Segovia, Caroline
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Universidad de Chile, Chile" xml:lang="en">Gamboa, Ricardo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Universidad de Chile, Chile" xml:lang="de">Gamboa, Ricardo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Public Opinion Unit, Political Studies and Research Center, University of Costa Rica" xml:lang="en">Alfaro-Redondo, Ronald
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Public Opinion Unit, Political Studies and Research Center, University of Costa Rica" xml:lang="de">Alfaro-Redondo, Ronald
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Political Studies and Research Center, University of Costa Rica" xml:lang="en">Alpizar, Felipe
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Political Studies and Research Center, University of Costa Rica" xml:lang="de">Alpizar, Felipe
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Public Opinion Unit, Political Studies and Research Center, University of Costa Rica" xml:lang="en">Guzman-Castillo, Jesus
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Public Opinion Unit, Political Studies and Research Center, University of Costa Rica" xml:lang="de">Guzman-Castillo, Jesus
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Sociology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic" xml:lang="en">Linek, Lukas
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Sociology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic" xml:lang="de">Linek, Lukas
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark" xml:lang="en">Hansen, Kasper M.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark" xml:lang="de">Hansen, Kasper M.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Denmark" xml:lang="en">Stubager, Rune
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Denmark" xml:lang="de">Stubager, Rune
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Fundacion Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo (Fundaungo), El Salvador" xml:lang="en">Cordova, Ricardo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Fundacion Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo (Fundaungo), El Salvador" xml:lang="de">Cordova, Ricardo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Fundacion Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo (Fundaungo), El Salvador" xml:lang="en">Argueta, Carlos
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Fundacion Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo (Fundaungo), El Salvador" xml:lang="de">Argueta, Carlos
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Science Research Institute, Abo Akademi University" xml:lang="en">Gronlund, Kimmo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Social Science Research Institute, Abo Akademi University" xml:lang="de">Gronlund, Kimmo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre de Donnees Socio-Politiques Sciences Po, Paris, France" xml:lang="en">Sauger, Nicolas
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre de Donnees Socio-Politiques Sciences Po, Paris, France" xml:lang="de">Sauger, Nicolas
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre de Donnees Socio-Politiques Sciences Po, Paris, France" xml:lang="en">Valentin, Brunel
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre de Donnees Socio-Politiques Sciences Po, Paris, France" xml:lang="de">Valentin, Brunel
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="WZB (Berlin Social Science Center), Germany" xml:lang="en">Wessels, Bernhard
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="WZB (Berlin Social Science Center), Germany" xml:lang="de">Wessels, Bernhard
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Mannheim, Germany" xml:lang="en">Schoen, Harald
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Mannheim, Germany" xml:lang="de">Schoen, Harald
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany" xml:lang="en">Rossteutscher, Sigrid
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany" xml:lang="de">Rossteutscher, Sigrid
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Mannheim, Germany" xml:lang="en">Schmitt-Beck, Ruediger
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Mannheim, Germany" xml:lang="de">Schmitt-Beck, Ruediger
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany" xml:lang="en">Wolf, Christof
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany" xml:lang="de">Wolf, Christof
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Freie Universität Berlin, Germany" xml:lang="en">Faas, Thorsten
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Freie Universität Berlin, Germany" xml:lang="de">Faas, Thorsten
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Mannheim, Germany" xml:lang="en">Debus, Marc
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Mannheim, Germany" xml:lang="de">Debus, Marc
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany" xml:lang="en">Pollak, Reinhard
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany" xml:lang="de">Pollak, Reinhard
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Manchester, UK" xml:lang="en">Fieldhouse, Edward
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Manchester, UK" xml:lang="de">Fieldhouse, Edward
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Oxford University, UK" xml:lang="en">Green, Jane
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Oxford University, UK" xml:lang="de">Green, Jane
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Oxford University, UK" xml:lang="en">Evans, Geoffrey
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Oxford University, UK" xml:lang="de">Evans, Geoffrey
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Manchester, UK" xml:lang="en">Mellon, Jonathan
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Manchester, UK" xml:lang="de">Mellon, Jonathan
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of London, UK" xml:lang="en">Prosser, Chris
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of London, UK" xml:lang="de">Prosser, Chris
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Manchester, UK" xml:lang="en">Bailey, Jack
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Manchester, UK" xml:lang="de">Bailey, Jack
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece" xml:lang="en">Andreadis, Ioannis
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece" xml:lang="de">Andreadis, Ioannis
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece" xml:lang="en">Chadjipadelis, Theodore
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece" xml:lang="de">Chadjipadelis, Theodore
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece" xml:lang="en">Teperoglou, Eftichia
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece" xml:lang="de">Teperoglou, Eftichia
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Lingnan University, Hong Kong" xml:lang="en">Pang-Kwong, Li
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Lingnan University, Hong Kong" xml:lang="de">Pang-Kwong, Li
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Central European University, Hungary" xml:lang="en">Enyedi, Zsolt
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Central European University, Hungary" xml:lang="de">Enyedi, Zsolt
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Social Sciences, Serbia" xml:lang="en">Todosijevic, Bojan
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Social Sciences, Serbia" xml:lang="de">Todosijevic, Bojan
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Central European University, Hungary" xml:lang="en">Littvay, Levente
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Central European University, Hungary" xml:lang="de">Littvay, Levente
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Onnudottir, Eva H.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Onnudottir, Eva H.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Hardarson, Olafur O.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Hardarson, Olafur O.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Porisdottir, Hulda
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Porisdottir, Hulda
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Helgason, Agnar Freyr
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Helgason, Agnar Freyr
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Asgeirsdottir, Tinna Laufey
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Asgeirsdottir, Tinna Laufey
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of California Riverside, United States" xml:lang="en">Bowler, Shaun
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of California Riverside, United States" xml:lang="de">Bowler, Shaun
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Kristinsson, Gunnar Helgi
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Kristinsson, Gunnar Helgi
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Eyborsson, Gretar Por
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Eyborsson, Gretar Por
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of California Riverside, United States" xml:lang="en">Indridoason, Indridi H.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of California Riverside, United States" xml:lang="de">Indridoason, Indridi H.
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Bernburg, Jon Gunnar
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Bernburg, Jon Gunnar
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="en">Olafsdottir, Sigrun
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Iceland, Iceland" xml:lang="de">Olafsdottir, Sigrun
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Georgetown University, United States" xml:lang="en">Nooruddin, Irfan
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Georgetown University, United States" xml:lang="de">Nooruddin, Irfan
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Cicero Associates &amp; Consultants Pvt Ltd, India" xml:lang="en">Joshi, Dhananjai
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Cicero Associates &amp; Consultants Pvt Ltd, India" xml:lang="de">Joshi, Dhananjai
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland" xml:lang="en">Marsh, Michael
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland" xml:lang="de">Marsh, Michael
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tel Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="en">Shamir, Michal
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tel Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="de">Shamir, Michal
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tel Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="en">Shomer, Yael
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tel Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="de">Shomer, Yael
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tel Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="en">Sheffer, Lior
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tel Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="de">Sheffer, Lior
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tel Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="en">Yakter, Alon
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tel Aviv University, Israel" xml:lang="de">Yakter, Alon
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Milan, Italy" xml:lang="en">Segatti, Paolo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Milan, Italy" xml:lang="de">Segatti, Paolo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Milan, Italy" xml:lang="en">Vegetti, Federico
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Milan, Italy" xml:lang="de">Vegetti, Federico
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan" xml:lang="en">Yamada, Masahiro
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan" xml:lang="de">Yamada, Masahiro
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Tokyo, Japan" xml:lang="en">Maeda, Yukio
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Tokyo, Japan" xml:lang="de">Maeda, Yukio
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Waseda University, Japan" xml:lang="en">Hino, Airo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Waseda University, Japan" xml:lang="de">Hino, Airo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Osaka University, Japan" xml:lang="en">Matsubayashi, Tetsuya
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Osaka University, Japan" xml:lang="de">Matsubayashi, Tetsuya
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University Of Latvia, Latvia" xml:lang="en">Ikstens, Janis
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University Of Latvia, Latvia" xml:lang="de">Ikstens, Janis
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Vilnius University, Lithuania" xml:lang="en">Ramonaite, Aine
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Vilnius University, Lithuania" xml:lang="de">Ramonaite, Aine
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Political Studies Division, Cide, Mexico" xml:lang="en">Beltran, Ulises
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Political Studies Division, Cide, Mexico" xml:lang="de">Beltran, Ulises
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Political Studies Division, Cide, Mexico" xml:lang="en">Castro Cornejo, Rodrigo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Political Studies Division, Cide, Mexico" xml:lang="de">Castro Cornejo, Rodrigo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="De Facto Consultancy &amp; University of Montenegro, Montenegro" xml:lang="en">Komar, Olivera
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="De Facto Consultancy &amp; University of Montenegro, Montenegro" xml:lang="de">Komar, Olivera
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="De Facto Consultancy &amp; University of Montenegro, Montenegro" xml:lang="en">Zivkovic, Slaven
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="De Facto Consultancy &amp; University of Montenegro, Montenegro" xml:lang="de">Zivkovic, Slaven
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="De Facto Consultancy, Montenegro" xml:lang="en">Malesevic, Iva
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        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="De Facto Consultancy, Montenegro" xml:lang="en">Kandic, Stevan
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="De Facto Consultancy, Montenegro" xml:lang="de">Kandic, Stevan
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Central European University Budapest, Hungary" xml:lang="en">Batricevic, Nemanja
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Central European University Budapest, Hungary" xml:lang="de">Batricevic, Nemanja
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Central European University Budapest, Hungary" xml:lang="en">Stankov, Nemanja
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Central European University Budapest, Hungary" xml:lang="de">Stankov, Nemanja
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Amsterdam, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">Rekker, Roderik
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Amsterdam, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">Rekker, Roderik
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Amsterdam, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">van der Brug, Wouter
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Amsterdam, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">van der Brug, Wouter
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Amsterdam, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">van der Meer, Tom
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Amsterdam, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">van der Meer, Tom
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Twente, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">van der Kolk, Henk
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Twente, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">van der Kolk, Henk
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Utrecht, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">Lubbers, Marcel
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Utrecht, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">Lubbers, Marcel
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Radboud University, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">Spierings, Niels
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Radboud University, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">Spierings, Niels
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Radboud University, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">Jacobs, Kristof
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Radboud University, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">Jacobs, Kristof
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tilburg University, Netherlands" xml:lang="en">Sipma, Take
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Tilburg University, Netherlands" xml:lang="de">Sipma, Take
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand" xml:lang="en">Vowles, Jack
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand" xml:lang="de">Vowles, Jack
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Auckland, New Zealand" xml:lang="en">Greaves, Lara
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Auckland, New Zealand" xml:lang="de">Greaves, Lara
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Social Research, Norway" xml:lang="en">Bergh, Johannes
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute for Social Research, Norway" xml:lang="de">Bergh, Johannes
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Oslo, Norway" xml:lang="en">Aardal, Bernt
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Oslo, Norway" xml:lang="de">Aardal, Bernt
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Peru" xml:lang="en">Maldonado, Arturo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Peru" xml:lang="de">Maldonado, Arturo
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Peru" xml:lang="en">Sulmont, David
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Peru" xml:lang="de">Sulmont, David
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Peru" xml:lang="en">Aragon, Jorge
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Peru" xml:lang="de">Aragon, Jorge
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre for the Study of Democracy, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland" xml:lang="en">Markowski, Radoslaw
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre for the Study of Democracy, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland" xml:lang="de">Markowski, Radoslaw
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre for the Study of Democracy, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland" xml:lang="en">Czesnik, Mikolaj
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        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal" xml:lang="en">Costa Lobo, Marina
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal" xml:lang="de">Costa Lobo, Marina
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal" xml:lang="en">Magalhaes, Pedro
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal" xml:lang="de">Magalhaes, Pedro
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Sociology, Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania" xml:lang="en">Comsa, Mircea
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        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre for Social Research, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania" xml:lang="en">Gheorghita, Andrei
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Centre for Social Research, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania" xml:lang="de">Gheorghita, Andrei
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Political Science, International Relations, and Security Studies, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania" xml:lang="en">Stanus, Cristina
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Department of Political Science, International Relations, and Security Studies, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania" xml:lang="de">Stanus, Cristina
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        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey" xml:lang="en">Carkoglu, Ali
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey" xml:lang="de">Carkoglu, Ali
        </AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey" xml:lang="en">Aytac, Selim Erdem
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        <topcClas xml:lang="en" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TopicClassification/4.0?languageVersion=en-4.0">Political behaviour and attitudes</topcClas><topcClas xml:lang="de" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TopicClassification/4.0?languageVersion=de-4.0.1">Politisches Verhalten und politische Einstellungen</topcClas><topcClas xml:lang="en" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TopicClassification/4.0?languageVersion=en-4.0">Elections</topcClas><topcClas xml:lang="de" vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/v2/vocabularies/TopicClassification/4.0?languageVersion=de-4.0.1">Wahlen</topcClas>
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      <abstract xml:lang="en">CSES Module 5 (2016-2021) focuses on the politics of populism. It explores the relationship between the rise of populist parties and the distribution of populist attitudes cross-nationally. The main objective of the module is to examine citizens’ perceptions of political elites, ‘out-groups’ and national identity, and the implications for electoral democracy. The module enables researchers to account for variation in the contestation of political elites and ‘populist’ attitudes across democracies and to examine how such perceptions shape citizens electoral behavior.</abstract><abstract xml:lang="en">The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) is a collaborative program of research among election study teams from around the world. Participating countries include a common module of survey questions in their post-election studies. The resulting data are deposited along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables. The studies are then merged into a single, free, public dataset for use in comparative study and cross-level analysis.  The CSES project focuses on respondents´ behavior and attitudes during the time of a national election, with a particular emphasis on voting and turnout. Each CSES Module consists of a nationally-representative post-election survey and additional variables about the context of the overall country and electoral system within which the respondents find themselves. Every five years a new CSES Module is designed with a different substantive theme selected to address essential questions in electoral studies and social science.  CSES Module 5 focuses on the examination of so-called ´populist attitudes´ in the population and how they shape electoral behavior. It focuses on the the measurement of three core themes: attitudes towards political elites, attitudes towards representative democracy and majority rule, and attitudes towards out-groups.  More information regarding the theme of Module 5 can be found in the CSES Module 5 Theoretical Statement available on the CSES website.  Topics:  MICRO-LEVEL DATA:  Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); study context (CSES conducted as part of a larger study or as stand-alone study); mode of interview; self-selection into mode of interview; duration of interview; interviewer ID; sex of interviewer; number of days fieldwork started after the election; duration of fieldwork; date questionnaire administered; number of days the interview was conducted after the 1st and 2nd round of election; language of questionnaire administration; questionnaire version.   Demography: year and month of birth; sex; education; marital status; union membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; household income; number of persons in household; attendance at religious services; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; migration background.  Survey variables: political interest; interest in politics in the media; internal efficacy; attitude towarnds political elites; attitude towards out-groups (minorities should adapt to the customs and traditions of the country, the will of the majority should always prevail, immigrants are generally good the country’s economy, country’s culture is generally harmed by immigrants, immigrants increase crime rates); criteria for national identity (e.g. born in country, ancestry, to be able to speak country national languages, to follow customs and traditions of the country); spread of corruption; government action: government should take measures to reduce differences in income levels; attitude towards redistribution; evaluation of the government’s performance in general; any of the parties that represents respondent’s views; party that represents respondent’s views best; state of economy; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current election; vote choice for the outgoing government in the current main election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an optional alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional alternative scale; satisfaction with democracy; closeness to any political party; party identification; party the respondent feels closest to; intensity of party identification.  DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district/ nationwide electoral district; number of candidates (district/ nationwide electoral district); number of party lists (district/ nationwide electoral district); percent vote of different parties (electoral district/ nationwide electoral district); official voter turnout in electoral district/ nationwide electoral district.  MACRO-LEVEL DATA: size of electorate or population in the electoral district /nationwide electoral district; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout (as a percentage of registered voters/ of the voting age of population); electoral management: electoral administration model (independent body, government, mixed); compulsory voter registration; kind of voting operations; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; populism by party; populism-scale of parties; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; electoral alliances in practice; did any electoral alliances form; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; number of seats above the first segment (lower house); fused vote; size of the lower house; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; percentage of women in parliament; party funding: direct or indirect public funding; number of parties participating in election; effective number of electoral parties and parliamentary parties; direct democracy (referendum mandatory, optional, by citizen initiative, referendum result binding or consultive); freedom house’s rating of freedom in the country at three time periods (the election year, one year before election, and two years before election); democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; Gini coefficient of equalized disposable income in the year of election; GDP growth (annual percent – World Bank-); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Central Government debt, total (percent GDP); Human development index; total population; unemployment rate (percent of total labor force); unemployment rate for people aged 15-24 years (percent of total labor force); country is subject to International Monetary Fund conditionality at election; Transparency International corruption perception index; control of corruption index; expert judgment of public sector: firms that provide the most favorable kickbacks to public servants; public sector employees and how the treat society; frequency that public sector employees treat cases impartially, and strive to follow rules; net migration rate (2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2015, 2015-2020); population by citizenship: percentage of population who are citizens, foreigners, unknown citizenship status; linguistic fractionalization index; religious fractionalization index, ethnic fractionalization index; polity fragmentation index; percentage of individuals using the internet; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; party identification codes from the Manifesto Research on Political Representation project (MARPOR/CMP); party identification codes from the Parliament and Government Database (ParlGov) project.</abstract><abstract xml:lang="de">Das CSES Module 5 (2016-2021) legt den Schwerpunkt auf „the politics of populism“, also auf Populismus. Es erforscht  länderübergreifend den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Aufstieg von populistischen Parteien und der Verteilung von „populistischen“ Einstellungen innerhalb der Bevölkerung. Hauptziel des Moduls ist es, die Auffassungen der BürgerInnen von politischen Eliten, gesellschaftlichen „Out-Groups“ und nationaler Identität sowie die sich hieraus ergebenden Implikationen für repräsentative Demokratien zu analysieren. Die Daten erlauben es Forschenden somit,  die Variation im Wettbewerb politischer Eliten und „populistischer“ Einstellungen über Demokratien hinweg mit einzubeziehen, und zu untersuchen, wie solche Wahrnehmungen das Wahlverhalten von BürgerInnen beeinflussen.</abstract><abstract xml:lang="de">Die Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) ist eine weltweite Kooperation von Wahlforschern. Teilnehmende Länder implementieren einen einheitlichen Fragenkomplex in ihre Nachwahlstudien. Die erhoben Daten umfassen das individuelle Wahlverhalten, politische Einstellungen und sozio-demographische Merkmale sowie Angaben zu den Wahlbezirken, den nationalen Wahlergebnissen und dem nationalen politischen System. Die einzelnen Länderstudien werden in einen gemeinsamen Datensatz integriert und stehen der Wissenschaft für vergleichende und länderübergreifende Untersuchungen frei zur Verfügung.  Das CSES-Projekt konzentriert sich auf das Verhalten und die Einstellungen von Befragten während einer nationalen Wahl, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf Abstimmung und Wahlbeteiligung liegt. Jedes CSES-Modul besteht aus einer national-repräsentativen Umfrage nach den Wahlen und zusätzlichen Variablen über den Kontext des Landes und des Wahlsystems, in dem sich die Befragten befinden. Alle fünf Jahre wird ein neues CSES-Modul mit einem anderen inhaltlichen Thema entwickelt, das für die Behandlung wesentlicher Fragen der Wahl- und Sozialwissenschaften ausgewählt wurde.  CSES Modul 5 konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung der so genannten ´populistischen Einstellungen´ in der Bevölkerung und wie sie das Wahlverhalten beeinflussen. Es konzentriert sich auf die Messung von drei Kernthemen: Einstellungen gegenüber politischen Eliten, Einstellungen gegenüber repräsentativer Demokratie und Mehrheitsregierung sowie Einstellungen gegenüber Außengruppen.  Weitere Informationen zum Thema des Moduls 5 finden Sie in der theoretischen Erklärung zum CSES-Modul 5, die auf der CSES-Website verfügbar ist.  Themen:  DATEN AUF MIKROEBENE:  Identifizierungs- und Studienadministrationsvariablen: Gewichtungsfaktoren; Art der Wahl; Datum der Wahl der ersten und zweiten Runde; Zeitpunkt der Studie (Nachwahlstudie, Vor- und Nachwahlstudie, zwischen den Runden der Mehrheitswahl); Studienkontext (CSES als Teil einer größeren Studie oder als eigenständige Studie durchgeführt); Art des Interviews; Selbstauswahl Interviewmodus; Dauer des Interviews; Interviewer-ID; Geschlecht des Interviewers; Anzahl der Tage nach der Wahl für den Beginn der Datenerhebung; Dauer der Feldarbeit; Datum des Fragebogens; Anzahl der Tage, an denen das Interview nach der ersten und zweiten Wahlrunde durchgeführt wurde; Sprache der Fragebogenadministration; Fragebogenversion.   Demographie: Geburtsjahr und -monat; Geschlecht; Bildung; Familienstand; Gewerkschaftszugehörigkeit; aktueller Erwerbsstatus; Hauptberuf; sozioökonomischer Status; Beschäftigungsart - öffentlich oder privat; Haushaltseinkommen; Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Konfession; Sprache, die üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochen wird; Wohnregion; Rasse; ethnische Zugehörigkeit; ländlicher oder städtischer Wohnsitz; Hauptwahlkreis; Geburtsland; Migrationshintergrund.  Umfragevariablen: politisches Interesse; Interesse an der Politik in den Medien; innere Wirksamkeit; Einstellung zu politischen Eliten; Einstellung zu Außengruppen (Minderheiten sollten sich den Bräuchen und Traditionen des Landes anpassen, der Wille der Mehrheit sollte immer vorherrschen, Einwanderer sind im Allgemeinen gut für die Wirtschaft des Landes, die Kultur des Landes wird generell von Einwanderern geschädigt, Einwanderer erhöhen die Kriminalitätsrate); Kriterien für nationale Identität (z.B. im Land geboren, Abstammung, Landessprachen sprechen können, Bräuche und Traditionen des Landes befolgen); Verbreitung von Korruption; Regierungsmaßnahmen: Forderung nach Regierungsmaßnahmen zum Abbau von Einkommensunterschieden; Einstellung gegenüber Umverteilung; Bewertung der Leistung der Regierung im Allgemeinen; Parteien, die die Ansichten des Befragten vertreten; Partei, die die Ansichten des Befragten am besten vertritt; Zustand der Wirtschaft; Befragte hat bei der aktuellen und der vorherigen Wahl eine Stimme abgegeben; Wahl (Präsidentschafts-, Unterhaus- und Oberhauswahlen) bei der aktuellen und der vorherigen Wahl; Befragte hat bei der aktuellen Wahl eine Vorzugsentscheidung abgegeben; Stimmenwahl für die scheidende Regierung bei der aktuellen Hauptwahl; Unterschied, wer an der Macht ist und für wen die Menschen stimmen; Sympathie-Skala für ausgewählte Parteien und politische Führer; Bewertung von Parteien auf einer Links-Rechts-Skala und einer optionalen alternativen Skala; Selbsteinschätzung auf der Links-Rechts-Skala und einer optionalen alternativen Skala; Demokratiezufriedenheit; Nähe zu einer politischen Partei; Parteiidentifikation; Partei, der sich der Befragte am nächsten fühlt; Intensität der Parteiidentifikation.  DATEN AUF BEZIRKSEBENE:  Anzahl der im Wahlkreis/ bundesweiten Wahlkreis umkämpften Sitze; Anzahl der Kandidaten (Bezirk/ bundesweiter Wahlkreis); Anzahl der Parteienlisten (Bezirk/ bundesweiter Wahlkreis); Prozentsatz der Stimmen verschiedener Parteien (Wahlkreis/ bundesweiter Wahlkreis); offizielle Wahlbeteiligung im Wahlkreis/ bundesweiter Wahlkreis.  DATEN AUF MAKROEBENE:  Wähleranteil oder Bevölkerung im Wahlkreis / bundesweiten Wahlkreis; Wahlergebnisse der Parteien bei der aktuellen Parlamentswahl (Unterhaus/Oberhaus); Prozentsatz der Sitze im Unterhaus bei den Parteien bei der aktuellen Unterhauswahl/Oberhauswahl; Prozentsatz der Sitze im Oberhaus bei den Parteien bei der aktuellen Unterhauswahl/Oberhauswahl; Prozentsatz der Stimmen bei den Präsidentschaftskandidaten der Parteien bei den laufenden Wahlen; Wahlbeteiligung (in Prozent der registrierten Wähler/des Wahlalters der Bevölkerung); Wahlmanagement: Wahlverwaltungsmodell (unabhängiges Organ, Regierung, gemischt); obligatorische Wählerregistrierung; Art der Stimmabgabe; Partei des Präsidenten und des Premierministers vor und nach der Wahl; Anzahl der von jeder Partei im Kabinett gehaltenen Portfolios, vor und nach der letzten Wahl; Größe des Kabinetts nach der letzten Wahl; ideologische Parteifamilien; von Experten zugewiesene Links-rechts-Position der Parteien und alternative Dimensionen; Populismus nach Parteien; Populismus-Skala der Parteien; die wichtigsten Faktoren bei der Wahl; Fairness der Wahl; formelle Beschwerden über Ergebnisse auf nationaler Ebene; gemeldete Wahlunregelmäßigkeiten; geplantes und durchgeführtes Wahldatum; Unregelmäßigkeiten des Wahltermins; Ausmaß der Gewalt bei der Wahl und nach den Wahlen; geografische Konzentration der Gewalt; Protest nach den Wahlen; während des Wahlkampfes zulässige Wahlbündnisse; Wahlbündnisse in der Praxis; Bildung von Wahlbündnissen; Anforderungen an gemeinsame Parteienlisten; Möglichkeit der Anerkennung und Art der Anerkennungsvereinbarung; mehrheitliche Befürwortung der Abstimmung; abgegebene Stimmen; Abstimmungsverfahren; Abstimmungsrunden; Parteienlisten geschlossen, offen oder flexibel; übertragbare Stimmen; kumulierte Stimmen, wenn mehr als eine Stimme abgegeben werden kann; Pflichtabstimmung; Parteienschwelle; Einheit für die Schwelle; Freedom House Rating; Alter des derzeitigen Systems; Regime: Art der Exekutive; Anzahl der Monate seit der letzten Unterhauswahl und den letzten Präsidentschaftswahlen; Wahlformel für Präsidentschaftswahlen; Wahlformel in allen Wahlstufen (mehrheitlich, proportional oder gemischt); für Unter- und Oberhäuser wurde kodiert: Anzahl der Wahlsegmente; vernetzte Wahlsegmente; abhängige Formeln in gemischten Systemen; Subtypen der gemischten Wahlsysteme; Bezirksgröße (Anzahl der aus jedem Bezirk gewählten Mitglieder); Anzahl der sekundären und tertiären Wahlkreise; Anzahl der Sitze über dem ersten Segment (Unterhaus); fusionierte Abstimmung; Größe des Unterhauses; verfassungsmäßige föderale Struktur; Anzahl der Parlamentskammern; Anteil der Frauen im Parlament; Parteienfinanzierung: direkte oder indirekte öffentliche Finanzierung; Anzahl der an den Wahlen teilnehmenden Parteien; effektive Anzahl der Wahlparteien und Parlamentsfraktionen; direkte Demokratie (Referendum obligatorisch, optional, durch Bürgerinitiative, Referendumsergebnis verbindlich oder konsultiv); Freiheitsgrad des Freedom House im Land zu drei Zeitpunkten (Wahljahr, ein Jahr vor der Wahl und zwei Jahre vor der Wahl); Bewertung der Demokratie-Autokratie-Politik IV; Gini-Koeffizient des verfügbaren Einkommens im Jahr der Wahl; BIP-Wachstum (in Prozent pro Jahr - Weltbank); BIP pro Kopf; Inflation, BIP-Deflator (in Prozent pro Jahr); Verschuldung der Zentralregierung, insgesamt (in Prozent BIP); Human development index; Gesamtbevölkerung; Arbeitslosenquote (in Prozent der gesamten Erwerbsbevölkerung); Arbeitslosenquote für Personen im Alter von 15-24 Jahren (in Prozent der gesamten Erwerbsbevölkerung); Land unterliegt bei Wahlen der Konditionalität des Internationalen Währungsfonds; Transparency International Index für die Wahrnehmung der Korruption; Index für die Kontrolle der Korruption; Beurteilung des öffentlichen Sektors durch Experten: Unternehmen, die den Beamten die vorteilhaftesten Bestechungsgelder  bieten; Angestellte des öffentlichen Dienstes und wie sie  die Gesellschaft behandeln; Häufigkeit, mit der Angestellte des öffentlichen Dienstes Fälle unparteiisch behandeln und nach Einhaltung der Regeln streben; Nettomigrationsrate (2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2015, 2015-2020); Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit: Prozentsatz der Bevölkerung, die Bürger, Ausländer oder unbekannter Staatsangehörigkeitsstatus sind; sprachlicher Fraktionierungsindex; religiöser Fraktionierungsindex, ethnischer Fraktionierungsindex; Fragmentierungsindex des Gemeinwesens; Prozentsatz der Personen, die das Internet nutzen; Mobilfunkabonnements pro 100 Einwohner; feste Telefonleitungen pro 100 Einwohner; Parteiidentifikationscodes aus dem Manifesto Research on Political Representation Project (MARPOR/CMP); Parteiidentifikationscodes aus dem Parliament and Government Database (ParlGov) project.</abstract>
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