2026-05-30T07:59:01Z https://datacatalogue.cessda.eu/oai-pmh/v0/oai

0b8bac1747485e8e22ae728f4447ccc9e8a09f903e404abe831a6b72e69fd2a5 2025-12-29T03:38:17Z language:enopenaire_data

DDI2.5 XML CODEBOOK RECORD FOR STUDY NUMBER 6689 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 1997-2025: Secure Access 668910.5255/UKDA-SN-6689-27 Office for National Statistics <a href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/" target="_blank">© Crown copyright</a>. The use of these data is subject to the <a href="https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/app/uploads/cd137-enduserlicence.pdf" target="_blank">UK Data Service End User Licence Agreement</a>. Additional restrictions may also apply. Office for National Statistics UK Data Service 25 March 2011 SEXWAGESHOURS OF WORKFULL-TIME EMPLOYMENTPART-TIME EMPLOYMENTAGECOLLECTIVE AGREEMENTSINDUSTRIESOCCUPATIONSLOCATION OF INDUSTRYOVERTIMEOCCUPATIONAL PENSIONSEMPLOYEESEMPLOYERSCOMMUTINGEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT HISTORYECONOMIC ACTIVITYFINANCIAL INCENTIVESSHIFT WORKARRANGEMENT OF WORKING TIMEPLACE OF RESIDENCEPRIVATE PENSIONSPENSION CONTRIBUTIONSPRIVATE SECTORPUBLIC SECTORTEMPORARY EMPLOYMENTSUPERVISORY STATUSWORKERSWORKPLACE Labour and employmentIncome, property and investment/saving Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) is one of the largest surveys of the earnings of individuals in the UK. Data on the wages, paid hours of work, and pensions arrangements of nearly one per cent of the working population are collected. Other variables relating to age, occupation and industrial classification are also available. The ASHE sample is drawn from National Insurance records for working individuals, and the survey forms are sent to their respective employers to complete. While limited in terms of personal characteristics compared to surveys such as the Labour Force Survey, the ASHE is useful not only because of its larger sample size, but also the responses regarding wages and hours are considered to be more accurate, since the responses are provided by employers rather than from employees themselves. A further advantage of the ASHE is that data for the same individuals are collected year after year. It is therefore possible to construct a panel dataset of responses for each individual running back as far as 1997, and to track how occupations, earnings and working hours change for individuals over time. Furthermore, using the unique business identifiers, it is possible to combine ASHE data with data from other business surveys, such as the Annual Business Survey (UK Data Archive SN 7451). The ASHE replaced the New Earnings Survey (NES, SN 6704) in 2004. NES was developed in the 1970s in response to the policy needs of the time. The survey had changed very little in its thirty-year history. ASHE datasets for the years 1997-2003 were derived using ASHE methodologies applied to NES data. The ASHE improves on the NES in the following ways:<ul><li>the NES questionnaire allowed too much variation in employer responses, leading to wide variations in the data</li><li>weightings have been introduced to take account of the population size (significant biases were a known problem in NES data)</li><li>the significant numbers of employees who change jobs between the sample selection and survey reference dates are retained in the ASHE sample, whereas these were dropped from the NES</li></ul>Linking to other business studies These data contain Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) reference numbers. These are anonymous but unique reference numbers assigned to business organisations. Their inclusion allows researchers to combine different business survey sources together. Researchers may consider applying for other business data to assist their research. Observations from Northern Ireland The ASHE data held by the UK Data Archive include very few observations from Northern Ireland. Users requiring access to Northern Ireland data are advised to contact the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, who administer this aspect of the survey. Local unit reference variable, luref The local unit reference variable 'luref', is generated to indicate multiple occurrences of the same local unit for disclosure checking purposes. It is inconsistent across years and is not an IDBR reference number. It should not be used to link ASHE with other business datasets.For Secure Lab projects applying for access to this study as well as to SN 6697 Business Structure Database and/or SN 7683 Business Structure Database Longitudinal, only postcode-free versions of the data will be made available. Latest Edition Information For the twenty-seventh edition (December 2025), a no postcode panel data file including 2024 revised and 2025 provisional data has been added to the study. A postcode version is not available. The previous edition file covering the period 2023 to 2024 has been updated because a couple of variables were not displaying correctly. Main Topics: The ASHE contains a small number of variables for each individual, relating to wages, hours of work, pension arrangements, and occupation and industrial classifications. There are also variables for age, gender and full/part-time status. Because the data are collected by the employer, there are also variables relating to the organisation employing the individual. These include employment size and legal status (e.g. public company). Various geography variables are included in the data files. United Kingdom IndividualsInstitutions/organisationsNational Working individuals aged from 16 years residing and working in the UK in 1997-2025. Numeric Repeated cross-sectional studyLongitudinal/panel/cohort Simple random sample Postal survey The Data Collection is available to users registered with the UK Data Service.Commercial use is not permitted.Use of the data requires approval from the data owner or their nominee. Registered users must apply for access via a DEA Research Project Application.Registered users must complete the Safe Researcher Training course and gain <a href="https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/digitaleconomyact-research-statistics/better-useofdata-for-research-information-for-researchers/" target="_blank">DEA Accredited Researcher Status</a>.Registered users must be based in the UK when accessing data.The Data Collection must be accessed via a secure connection method in a safe environment approved by the UK Data Service. See <restrctn> https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=244 https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=225 https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=138 https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=3 https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/bounce?type=case-study&id=227 Dacre, J., Woodhams, C., Atkinson, C., Laliotis, I., Williams, M., Blanden, J., Wild, S. and Brown, D. (2020) Mend the gap: the independent review into gender pay gaps in medicine in England https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/944246/Gender_pay_gap_in_medicine_review.pdf Schaefer, D. and Singleton, C. (2019) 'Cyclical labor costs within jobs', European Economic Review, 120, 103317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.103317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.103317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.103317 Elliott, R., Kopasker, D. and Skatun, D. (2020) 'Public-sector resource allocation since the financial crisis', International Journal of Manpower, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2019-0488. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2019-0488 Capuano, S., Cockett, J., Gray, H. and Papoutsaki, D. (2019) The impact of the minimum wage on employment and hours: Institute for Employment Studies Research Report 538, Low Pay Commission. https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/538_0.pdf Jewell, S., Razzu, G. and Singleton, C. (2019) 'Who works for whom and the UK gender pay gap', British Journal of Industrial Relations, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12497. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12497 Gagliardi, L., Iammarino, S. and Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2021) 'Exposure to OFDI and regional labour markets: Evidence for routine and non-routine jobs in Great Britain', Journal of Economic Geography, https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaa040. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaa040 Williams, M. and Zhou, Y. (2019) 'The rise in pay for performance among higher managerial and professional occupations in Britain: eroding or enhancing the service relationship?', Work, Employment and Society, 34, 4, pp.605-625, https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019841552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019841552 Cribb, J., Norris Keiller, A. and Waters, T. (2018) Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2018 [Research report], London: Institute for Fiscal Studies, Retrieved 18 Jan 2018 from <a href="https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/13075">https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/13075</a>. https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/13075 Schaefer, D. and Singleton, C. (2019) 'Recent changes in British wage inequality: evidence from large firms and occupations', Scottish Journal of Political Economy, https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12225. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12225 Cristini, A., Geraci, A. and Muellbauer, J. (2018) 'Sifting through the ASHE: job polarisation and earnings inequality in the UK, 1975-2015' in B. Nolan (ed.), Generating prosperity for working families in affluent countries, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780198807056 Sifting through the ASHE: job polarisation and earnings inequality in the UK, 1975-2015 Capuano, S., Cockett, J., Gray, H. and Papoutsaki, D. (2019) The impact of the minimum wage on employment and hours: Institute for Employment Studies Research Report 538. Low Pay Commission. The impact of the minimum wage on employment and hours Leidecker, T. (2018) Three essays on the impact of economic change on the labour market, Coventry: University of Warwick [Ph.D. thesis]. Three essays on the impact of economic change on the labour market Singleton, C. (2018) 'The public–private sector wage differential in the UK: Evidence from longitudinal employer-employee data', Economics Letters, 174, pp.109-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.11.005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.11.005 Schaefer, D. and Singleton, C. (2022) 'The extent of downward nominal wage rigidity: New evidence from payroll data', Review of Economic Dynamics. doi:10.1016/j.red.2022.11.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2022.11.006 Bell, D.N.F. and Hart, R.A. (2022) 'The decline of overtime working in Britain', British Journal of Industrial Relations. doi:10.1111/bjir.12697 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjir.12697 The Health Foundation (2022) 'Lower paid NHS and social care staff turnover: what occupations do the NHS and adult social care compete with for lower paid roles?' https://www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/charts-and-infographics/lower-paid-nhs-and-social-care-staff-turnover Criscuolo, C., et al. (2020) 'Workforce composition, productivity and pay: the role of firms in wage inequality', OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1603, OECD Publishing, Paris. doi:10.1787/52ab4e26-en. https://doi.org/10.1787/52ab4e26-en. Crawford, R. and Simpson, P. (2021) 'The impact of house prices on pension saving in early adulthood', IFS Working Paper. doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2020.3820 https://ifs.org.uk/publications/impact-house-prices-pension-saving-early-adulthood Jones, M and Kaya, E. (2023) 'The gender pay gap in medicine: evidence from Britain', Oxford Economic Papers. doi:10.1093/oep/gpad050 https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpad050 Adem, A.S. (2023) 'Distributional effect of import shocks on British local labour markets', Oxford Economic Papers, gpad008. doi:10.1093/oep/gpad008 https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpad008 Costa, R., Dhingra, S. and Machin, S. (2024) 'New dawn fades: Trade, labour and the Brexit exchange rate depreciation', Journal of International Economics, 152, 103993. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2024.103993 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2024.103993 Fongoni, M., Schaefer, D. and Singleton, C. (2024) 'Why wages don't fall in jobs with incomplete contracts', IZA Discussion Paper No.17079 https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/17079/why-wages-dont-fall-in-jobs-with-incomplete-contracts Pham, T, Schaefer, D. and Singleton, C. (2024) 'Unequal hiring wages and their impact on the gender pay gap', IZA Discussion Paper No.17285 https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/17285/unequal-hiring-wages-and-their-impact-on-the-gender-pay-gap Fongoni, M., Schaefer, D. and Singleton, C. (2024) 'Why wages don't fall in jobs with incomplete contracts', Management Science. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.02297 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.02297 Pham, T., Schaefer, D. and Singleton, C. (2024) 'Unequal hiring wages and their impact on the gender pay gap', IZA Discussion Papers 17285, Institute of Labor Economics. (IZA). https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/17285/unequal-hiring-wages-and-their-impact-on-the-gender-pay-gap D'Costa, S. (2024) Re-evaluating the urban wage premium: the changing roles of geographical and job transitions for women and men. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 108, 104038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104038 https://oai.ukdataservice.ac.uk:8443/oai/provider 6689 2025-12-20T06:18:56Z ddi:codebook:2_5