2026-05-22T22:47:57Z https://datacatalogue.cessda.eu/oai-pmh/v0/oai

0596566c0aca91cfc215a299c0d8787111f079948c705e141abd81f40592298a 2026-03-29T02:29:23Z language:enlanguage:fiopenaire_data

DDI-kuvailu: Demokratisoituminen ja valtaresurssit 1850-2000 Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkistoFinnish Social Science Data Archive Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkistoFinnish Social Science Data Archive DDI description: Democratization and Power Resources 1850-2000 Demokratisoituminen ja valtaresurssit 1850-2000 Democratization and Power Resources 1850-2000Demokratisoituminen ja valtaresurssit 1850-2000 FSD1216urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD121610.60686/t-fsd1216FSD1216urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD121610.60686/t-fsd1216 Vanhanen, Tatu Vanhanen, Tatu Tietoarkiston ja aineiston luovuttajan tekemän sopimuksen mukaisesti.In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkistoFinnish Social Science Data Archive Democratization and Power Resources 1850-2000 kilpailu (toiminta)osallistuminendemokratisoituminendemokratiakaupunkiväestömaaseutuväestömaatalousyhteiskuntayhteiskuntakehityskaupungistuminenvaltaopiskelijatlukutaitotaloudellinen kehitysresurssithenkinen pääomacompetitionparticipationdemocratizationdemocracyagricultural societyeconomic and social developmenturbanizationpolitical powerstudentsliteracyresourcesurban populationrural population YhteiskuntatieteetKansainvälinen politiikka ja järjestötTalouden tila ja tunnusluvutSocial sciencesInternational politics and organisationsEconomic conditions and indicators Tämä laaja pitkittäisaineisto on tulosta professori Tatu Vanhasen pitkäaikaisesta valtioiden demokratisoitumista ja valtaresursseja koskevasta tutkimustyöstä. Kansainvälinen tiedeyhteisö tuntee aineiston myös nimellä Vanhanen's Index of Power Resources. Erilaisista kirjallisista lähteistä kootut tiedot on aiemmin julkaistu viiden eri teoksen liitteinä. Teokset on lueteltu alla kohdassa lähdeaineistot. Näissä teoksissa käytetyt numerotietojen alkuperäiset lähteet on koottu taustatietoa-dokumenttiin. Vanhanen jakaa aineistonsa muuttujat kahteen eri pääryhmään. Ensimmäinen ryhmä on demokratian mittarit (Measures of Democracy), jossa on kolme muuttujaa. Toista ryhmää hän kutsuu resurssien jakautuneisuuden mittareiksi (Measures of Resource Distribution). Demokratian mittarit -ryhmään kuuluvat kilpailullisuus (Competition), osallistuminen (Participation) ja demokratisoitumisindeksi (Index of Democratization). Kilpailullisuuden arvot saadaan, kun vähennetään suurimman puolueen saama kannatusprosentti sadasta. Kannatusprosentti on laskettu puolueen saamista äänistä tai paikoista parlamentissa ja/tai voittaneen presidenttiehdokkaan ääniosuudesta. Osallistuminen muodostuu äänestysaktiivisuudesta vaaleissa ja kansanäänestyksien lukumäärästä. Osavaltion sisäinen kansanäänestys nostaa muuttujan arvoa yhdellä prosenttiyksiköllä ja koko valtion käsittävä kansanäänestys nostaa sitä viidellä prosenttiyksiköllä. Muuttujan yläraja on 70 prosenttia. Demokratisoitumisindeksi saadaan jakamalla osallistumisen ja kilpailullisuuden tulo sadalla. Resurssien jakautuneisuutta mitataan kuudella muuttujalla: 1) Kaupunkiväestön osuus (%) koko väestöstä; 2) Agraariväestöön kuulumattomien osuus (%) (Non-Agricultural Population). Saadaan vähentämällä agraariväestöön kuuluvien osuus sadasta; 3) Opiskelijoiden määrä (Students). Muuttuja kertoo kuinka monta opiskelijaa maassa on 100000 henkeä kohden. Opiskelijaksi luetaan yliopistoissa, korkeakouluissa tai vastaavissa oppilaitoksissa opiskelevat. Opiskelijoiden osuus (Students %) lasketaan kahdella tavalla. Ennen vuotta 1988 opiskelijoiden määrä -muuttujan arvo 1000 vastaa 100 prosenttia. Vuosina 1988 ja 1998 samaisen muuttujan arvo 5000 vastaa 100 prosenttia; 4) Lukutaitoisia (Literates %) lasketaan prosentteina aikuisväestöstä; 5) Perhetilojen osuus (Family Farms %) on perhetilojen yhteenlaskettu pinta-ala koko viljelypinta-alasta tai maatilojen kokonaisalasta prosentteina; (6) Ei-agraaristen taloudellisten resurssien jakautuneisuuden aste (Degree of Decentralization of Non-Agricultural Economic Resources). Muuttuja on laskettu 1970-luvulta alkaen. Edellisistä kuudesta muuttujasta on muodostettu kolme uutta muuttujaa. 1) Ammattien monialaistumisen indeksi (Index of Occupational Diversification) saadaan laskemalla kaupunkiväestön ja agraariväestöön kuulumattomien osuuden aritmeettinen keskiarvo. 2) Henkisen pääoman jakautuneisuuden indeksi (Index of Knowledge Distribution) on lukutaitoisten prosenttiosuuden ja opiskelijoiden prosenttiosuuden aritmeettinen keskiarvo. 3) Taloudellisten valtaresurssien jakautuneisuuden indeksi (Index of Distribution of Economic Power Resources) saadaan, kun ensiksi kerrotaan perhetilojen osuus agraariväestön osuudella. Sitten kerrotaan ei agraaristen taloudellisten resurssien jakautuneisuuden aste agraariväestöön kuulumattomien osuudella. Lopuksi nämä kaksi tuloa lasketaan yhteen. Edellä mainituista muuttujista on muodostettu edelleen kaksi uutta muuttujaa. Ensimmäinen on valtaresurssi-indeksi (Index of Power Resources), joka saadaan jakamalla 10000:lla ammattien monialaistumisen, henkisen pääoman jakautuneisuuden ja taloudellisten valtaresurssien indeksien tulo. Toinen muuttuja on viiden (1970-luvulta lähtien kuuden) selittävän muuttujan keskiarvo. Siinä lasketaan muuttujien 1-6 aritmeettinen keskiarvo. Tämä eroaa valtaresurssi-indeksistä siten, että yhden muuttujan pieni arvo ei pudota koko muuttujan arvoa kovin paljoa.This large longitudinal study is the result of professor Tatu Vanhanen's long-term research on democratization and power resources. International scientific community knows this data also by the name "Vanhanen's Index of Power Resources". The data have been collected from several written sources and have been published as appendices of five different books. The books are listed in the section Data sources below. The original sources of the numerical data published in these books have been collected to a separate document containing background information. Vanhanen divides the variables of his dataset into two main groups. The first group consists of Measures of Democracy and includes three variables. The second group is called Measures of Resource Distribution. The variables in the first group (Measures of Democracy) are Competition, Participation and Index of Democratization. The value of Competition is calculated by subtracting the percentage of votes/seats gained by the largest political party in parliamentary elections and/or in presidential (executive) elections from 100%. The Participation variable is an aggregate of the turnout in elections (percentage of the total population who voted in the same election) and the number of referendums. Each national referendum raises the value of Participation by five percentage points and each state referendum by one percentage point for the year of the referendum. The upper limit for both variables is 70%. Index of Democratization is derived by first multiplying the above mentioned variables Competition and Participation and then dividing this product by 100. Six variables are used to measure resource distribution: 1) Urban Population (%) (as a percentage of total population). 2) Non-Agricultural Population (%) (derived by subtracting the percentage of agricultural population from 100%). 3) Number of students: the variable denotes how many students there are in universities and other higher education institutions per 100.000 inhabitants of the country. Two ways are used to calculate the percentage of Students (%): before the year 1988 the value 1000 of the variable Number of students is equivalent to 100% and between the years 1988-1998 the value 5000 of the same variable is equivalent to 100%. 4) Literates (%) (as a percentage of adult population). 5) Family Farms Are (%) (as a percentage of total cultivated area or of total area of holdings). 6) Degree of Decentralization of Non-Agricultural Economic Resources. This variable has been calculated from the 1970s. Three new variables have been derived from the above mentioned six variables. 1) Index of Occupational Diversification is derived by calculating the arithmetic mean of Urban Population and Non-Agricultural Population. 2) Index of Knowledge Distribution is derived by calculating the arithmetic mean of Students and Literates. 3) Index of Distribution of Economic Power Resources is derived by first multiplying the value of Family Farm Area with the percentage of agricultural population. Then the value of Degree of Decentralization of Non-Agricultural Economic Resources is multiplied with the percentage of Non-Agricultural Population. After this these two products are simply added up. Finally two new variables have derived from the above mentioned variables. First derived variable is Index of Power Resources, calculated by multiplying the values of Index of Occupational Diversification, Index of Knowledge Distribution and Index of the Distribution of Economic Power Resources and then dividing the product by 10 000. The second derived variable Mean is the arithmetic mean of the five (from the 1970s six) explanatory variables. This differs from Index of Power Resources in that a low value of any single variable does not reduce the value of Mean to any great extent. ArabiemiirikunnatAfganistanAntigua ja BarbudaAlbaniaArmeniaAngolaArgentiinaItävaltaAustraliaAzerbaidzanBosnia ja HertsegovinaBarbadosBangladeshBelgiaBurkina FasoBulgariaBahrainBurundiBeninBruneiBoliviaBrasiliaBahamaBhutanBotswanaValko-VenäjäBelizeKanadaKongo (Zaire)Keski-Afrikan tasavaltaKongo (Brazzaville)SveitsiNorsunluurannikko (Côte d'Ivoire)ChileKamerunKiinaKolumbiaCosta RicaTsekkoslovakiaKuubaKap VerdeKyprosTsekkiLänsi-SaksaSaksaSaksan demokraattinen tasavaltaDjiboutiTanskaDominicaDominikaaninen tasavaltaAlgeriaEcuadorViroEgyptiEritreaEspanjaEtiopiaSuomiFidziMikronesiaRanskaGabonIso-BritanniaGrenadaGeorgiaGhanaGambiaGuineaPäiväntasaajan GuineaKreikkaGuatemalaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHondurasKroatiaHaitiUnkariIndonesiaIrlantiIsraelIntiaIrakIranIslantiItaliaJamaikaJordaniaJapaniKeniaKirgisiaKambodzaKiribatiKomoritSaint Kitts ja NevisPohjois-KoreaEtelä-KoreaKuwaitKazakstanLaosLibanonSaint LuciaSri LankaLiberiaLesothoLiettuaLuxemburgLatviaLibyaMarokkoMoldovaMadagaskarMarshallinsaaretMakedoniaMaliMyanmar (Burma)MongoliaMauritaniaMaltaMauritiusMalediivitMalawiMeksikoMalesiaMosambikNamibiaNigerNigeriaNicaraguaAlankomaatNorjaNepalUusi-SeelantiOmanPanamaPeruPapua-Uusi-GuineaFilippiinitPakistanPuolaPortugaliParaguayQatarRomaniaVenäjäRuandaSaudi-ArabiaSalomonsaaretSeychellitSudanRuotsiSingaporeSloveniaSlovakiaSierra LeoneSenegalSomaliaSerbiaSurinameSão Tomé ja PrínsipeNeuvostoliittoEl SalvadorSyyriaSwazimaaTsadTogoThaimaaTadzikistanTurkmenistanTunisiaTongaTurkkiTrinidad ja TobagoTaiwanTansaniaUkrainaUgandaYhdysvallatUruguayUzbekistanSaint Vincent ja GrenadiinitVenezuelaVietnamLänsi-SamoaVanuatuJemenJugoslaviaEtelä-AfrikkaSambiaZimbabweUnited Arab EmiratesAfghanistanAntigua and BarbudaAlbaniaArmeniaAngolaArgentinaAustriaAustraliaAzerbaijanBosnia and HerzegovinaBarbadosBangladeshBelgiumBurkina FasoBulgariaBahrainBurundiBeninBruneiBoliviaBrazilBahamasBhutanBotswanaBelarusBelizeCanadaCongo (Zaire)Central African RepublicCongo (Brazzaville)SwitzerlandIvory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)ChileCameroonChinaColombiaCosta RicaCzechoslovakiaCubaCape VerdeCyprusCzech RepublicGerman Democratic Republic GDRGermanyWest-GermanyDjiboutiDenmarkDominicaDominican RepublicAlgeriaEcuadorEstoniaEgyptEritreaSpainEthiopiaFinlandFijiMicronesiaFranceGabonUnited KingdomGrenadaGeorgiaGhanaGambiaGuineaEquatorial GuineaGreeceGuatemalaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHondurasCroatiaHaitiHungaryIndonesiaIrelandIsraelIndiaIraqIranIcelandItalyJamaicaJordanJapanKenyaKyrgyzstanCambodiaKiribatiComorosSaint Kitts and NevisNorth KoreaSouth KoreaKuwaitKazakhstanLaosLebanonSaint LuciaSri LankaLiberiaLesothoLithuaniaLuxembourgLatviaLibyaMoroccoMoldovaMadagascarMarshall IslandsMacedoniaMaliMyanmar (Burma)MongoliaMauritaniaMaltaMauritiusMaldivesMalawiMexicoMalaysiaMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaNicaraguaThe NetherlandsNorwayNepalNew ZealandOmanPanamaPeruPapua New GuineaPhilippinesPakistanPolandPortugalParaguayQatarRomaniaRussiaRwandaSaudi ArabiaSolomon IslandsSeychellesSudanSwedenSingaporeSloveniaSlovakiaSierra LeoneSenegalSomaliaSerbiaSurinameSao Tome and PrincipeRussia (USSR, Soviet Union)El SalvadorSyriaSwazilandChadTogoThailandTajikistanTurkmenistanTunisiaTongaTurkeyTrinidad and TobagoTaiwanTanzaniaUkraineUgandaUnited StatesUruguayUzbekistanSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesVenezuelaVietnamNorth VietnamSouth VietnamWestern SamoaVanuatuYemenSouth YemenNorth YemenYugoslaviaSouth AfricaZambiaZimbabwe AfganistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAngolaAntigua ja BarbudaArgentiinaArmeniaAustraliaItävaltaAzerbaidzanBahamaBahrainBangladeshBarbadosValko-VenäjäBelgiaBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia ja HertsegovinaBotswanaBrasiliaBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoMyanmar (Burma)BurundiKambodzaKamerunKanadaKap VerdeKeski-Afrikan tasavaltaTsadChileKiinaKolumbiaKomoritKongo (Brazzaville)Kongo (Zaire)Costa RicaNorsunluurannikko (Côte d'Ivoire)KroatiaKuubaKyprosTsekkiTsekkoslovakiaTanskaDjiboutiDominicaDominikaaninen tasavaltaEcuadorEgyptiEl SalvadorPäiväntasaajan GuineaEritreaViroEtiopiaFidziSuomiRanskaGabonGambiaSaksan demokraattinen tasavaltaSaksaLänsi-SaksaGeorgiaGhanaGrenadaKreikkaGuatemalaGuinea-BissauGuineaGuyanaHaitiHondurasUnkariIslantiIntiaIndonesiaIranIrakIrlantiIsraelItaliaJamaikaJapaniJordaniaKazakstanKeniaKiribatiPohjois-KoreaEtelä-KoreaKuwaitKirgisiaLaosLatviaLibanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiettuaMakedoniaLuxemburgMadagaskarMalawiMalesiaMalediivitMaliMaltaMarshallinsaaretMauritaniaMauritiusMeksikoMikronesiaMoldovaMongoliaMarokkoMosambikNamibiaNepalAlankomaatUusi-SeelantiNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorjaOmanPakistanPanamaPapua-Uusi-GuineaParaguayPeruFilippiinitPuolaPortugaliQatarRomaniaVenäjäNeuvostoliittoRuandaLänsi-SamoaSão Tomé ja PrínsipeSaudi-ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellitSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSalomonsaaretSomaliaEtelä-AfrikkaEspanjaSri LankaSaint Kitts ja NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent ja GrenadiinitSudanSurinameSwazimaaRuotsiSveitsiSyyriaTaiwanTadzikistanTansaniaThaimaaTogoTongaTrinidad ja TobagoTunisiaTurkkiTurkmenistanUgandaUkrainaArabiemiirikunnatIso-BritanniaYhdysvallatUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuelaVietnamJemenJugoslaviaSambiaZimbabweAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAngolaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HertzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoMyanmar (Burma)BurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaColombiaComorosCongo (Brazzaville)Congo (Zaire)Costa RicaIvory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)CroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicCzechoslovakiaDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFijiFinlandFranceGabonGambiaGerman Democratic Republic GDRGermanyWest-GermanyGeorgiaGhanaGrenadaGreeceGuatemalaGuinea-BissauGuineaGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiNorth KoreaSouth KoreaKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLithuaniaMacedoniaLuxemburgMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMongoliaMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNepalNetherlandsNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorwayOmanPakistanPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaRussiaRussia (USSR, Soviet Union)RwandaWestern SamoaSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSudanSurinameSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuelaVietnamNorth VietnamSouth VietnamYemenNorth YemenSouth YemenYugoslaviaZambiaZimbabwe Poliittis-hallinnollinen aluePoliticalAdministrativeAreaPolitical-administrative areaPoliticalAdministrativeArea edellä luetellut maatThe countries mentioned above KvantitatiivinenQuantitative Aikasarja-aineistoTimeSeriesTime seriesTimeSeries KokonaisaineistoTotalUniverseCompleteEnumerationTotal universe/Complete enumerationTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Kooste- tai synteesiaineistoCompilationSynthesisCompilation/SynthesisCompilationSynthesis Aineistonkeruuohjeistus: poimintaohje tai -suunnitelmaDataCollectionGuidelines.SecondaryDataCollectionGuideData collection guidelines: Secondary data collection guideDataCollectionGuidelines.SecondaryDataCollectionGuide Aineisto on (A) vapaasti käytettävissä ilman rekisteröitymistä (CC BY 4.0).The dataset is (A) openly available for all users without registration (CC BY 4.0). Aineistoon ja sen tekijöihin tulee viitata asianmukaisesti kaikissa julkaisuissa ja esityksissä, joissa aineistoa käytetään. Tietoarkiston antaman malliviittaustiedon voi merkitä lähdeluetteloon sellaisenaan tai sitä voi muokata julkaisun käytäntöjen mukaisesti.The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. Viitetiedot julkaisuista, joissa aineistoa on käytetty, toimitetaan Tietoarkiston asiakaspalveluun asiakaspalvelu.fsd@tuni.fi.Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi. Abdur Raquip, Basil Farooq (2019) U.S.-Backed Coups in Latin America: An Empirical Inquiry. Bachelor's senior thesis. Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley. 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Published online 2023:1-19. doi:10.1017/S0007123423000297 Landholding Inequality, Social Control, and Mass Opposition to Suffrage Extension doi:10.1017/S0007123423000297 Eterovic, D. S., & Sweet, C. M. (2014). Democracy and Education in twentieth-century Latin America. Economics & Politics 26(2), 237-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12033 Democracy and Education in twentieth-century Latin America 10.1111/ecpo.12033 Fontana, G. (2016). VÄLSTÅND OCH DEMOKRATI: Har socioekonomisk modernisering påverkat demokratisk framväxt i Östasiatiska länder? Örebro University. Bachelor's thesis. urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-50877 VÄLSTÅND OCH DEMOKRATI: Har socioekonomisk modernisering påverkat demokratisk framväxt i Östasiatiska länder? urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-50877 Foot, Kirsten A. & Schneider, Steven M. & Kluver, Randolph & Xenos, Michael & Jankowski, Nicholas W. (2007). Comparing web production practices across electoral web spheres. In: The Internet and National Elections. A comparative study of web campaigning (eds. Randolph Kluver, Nicholas W. Jankowski, Kirsten A. Foot & Steven M. Schneider), 243-260. Routledge Research in Political Communication. Routledge. Comparing web production practices across electoral web spheres Foot, Kirsten A. & Xenos, Michael & Schneider, Steven M. & Kluver, Randolph & Jankowski, Nicholas W. (2009). Electoral web production practices in cross-national persepctive: the relative influence of national development, political culture, and web genre. In: Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics (eds. Andrew Chadwick & Philip N. Howard), 40-55. Routledge. Electoral web production practices in cross-national persepctive: the relative influence of national development, political culture, and web genre Fortunato, P., & Panizza, U. (2015). Democracy, education and the quality of government. 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