2026-05-02T10:04:37Z https://datacatalogue.cessda.eu/oai-pmh/v0/oai

03ded1151300b6565a2506fb16672466015bea2951798210e9a3b9dbec4f9cc6 2026-03-23T02:25:19Z language:enlanguage:fiopenaire_data

DDI-kuvailu: Demokratisoitumisen mittarit 1810-2018 Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkistoFinnish Social Science Data Archive Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkistoFinnish Social Science Data Archive DDI description: Measures of Democracy 1810-2018 Demokratisoitumisen mittarit 1810-2018 Measures of Democracy 1810-2018Demokratisoitumisen mittarit 1810-2018 FSD1289urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD128910.60686/t-fsd1289FSD1289urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD128910.60686/t-fsd1289 Vanhanen, Tatu Vanhanen, Tatu Tietoarkiston ja aineiston luovuttajan tekemän sopimuksen mukaisesti.In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkistoFinnish Social Science Data Archive Measures of Democracy 1810-2018 demokratiademokratisoituminenpolitiikkakilpailu (toiminta)osallistuminenpoliittinen osallistuminenäänestyksetdemocracydemocratizationpoliticspolitical partiespolitical participationvoting YhteiskuntatieteetKansainvälinen politiikka ja järjestötSocial sciencesInternational politics and organisations Aineisto sisältää vuodesta 1810 vuoteen 2018 joka vuodelle kolme erityyppistä muuttujaa, jotka Tatu Vanhanen on kehittänyt vuosien tutkimustyön tuloksena. Muuttujat ovat kilpailullisuus, osallistuminen ja demokratisoitumisindeksi. Kilpailullisuus-muuttujat kuvaavat pienempien puolueiden äänten prosenttimäärää parlamentti- tai presidentinvaaleissa. Kukin muuttuja on muodostettu vähentämällä suurimman puolueen (eniten ääniä saanut puolue) tai presidentinvaaleissa voittaneen kandidaatin puolueen saama äänten prosenttimäärä sadasta. Muuttujan laskemiseen on käytetty joko parlamentti- tai presidentinvaaleja niiden tärkeyden mukaan tai molempia antaen vaaleille painoarvot. Parlamenttipaikkojen jakautumaa on käytetty, jos äänien jakautumaa ei ole ollut saatavilla tai jos sen avulla on saatu realistisempi kuva. Jos parlamentin jäsenet valitaan äänestyksellä, mutta poliittisia puolueita ei sallita, on tulkittu, että yksi puolue on saanut kaikki äänet tai paikat. Jos puolueet eivät ole kiellettyjä, mutta silti yksittäiset ehdokkaat osallistuvat vaaleihin on tulkittu, että suurimman puolueen osuus ei ole yli 30 prosenttia. Osallistuminen-muuttujat kuvaavat äänestyprosenttia vaaleittain. Kunkin muuttujan prosenttimäärä on laskettu koko väestöstä. Välillisissä vaaleissa vain viimeisen äänestyksen äänet on otettu huomioon, ja tällöin ilman todellista valitsijamiesvaalia osallistumis-muuttuja saa arvon 0. Jos valitsijamiesvaali on järjestetty, on osallistumis-muuttuja laskettu sen äänimääristä ja -jakaumista. Kansanäänestys nostaa muuttujan arvoa viidellä prosenttiyksiköllä, jos se on kansallinen ja yhdellä prosenttiyksiköllä, jos se on osavaltiollinen. Kansanäänestykset nostavat muuttujan arvoa korkeintaan 30 prosenttiyksikköä vuodessa, ja koko muuttujan maksimiarvo on 70 prosenttia. Demokratisoitumisindeksi on muodostettu jakamalla kilpailullisuus- ja osallistuminen-muuttujien tulo sadalla.The data contain three different variables, created by Tatu Vanhanen in his long-term research, for each year from 1810 to 2018. The variables in question are political competition, political participation and the index of democratization. The competition variable portrays the electoral success of smaller parties, that is, the percentage of votes gained by the smaller parties in parliamentary and/or presidential elections. The variable is calculated by subtracting from 100 the percentage of votes won by the largest party (the party which wins most votes) in parliamentary elections or by the party of the successful candidate in presidential elections. Depending on their importance, either parliamentary or presidential elections are used in the calculation of the variable, or both elections are used, with weights. If information on the distribution of votes is not available, or if the distribution does not portray the reality accurately, the distribution of parliamentary seats is used instead. If parliament members are elected but political parties are not allowed to take part in elections, it is assumed that one party has taken all votes or seats. In countries where parties are not banned but yet only independent candidates participate in elections, it is assumed that the share of the largest party is not over 30 percent. The political participation variable portrays the voting turnout in each election, and is calculated as the percentage of the total population who actually voted in the election. In the case of indirect elections, only votes cast in the final election are taken into account. If electors have not been elected by citizens, only the number of actual electors is taken into account, which means that the degree of participation drops to the value 0. If an election to choose electors has been held, the participation variable is calculated from the number and distribution of votes in that election. National referendums raise the variable value by five percent and state (regional) referendums by one percent for the year they are held. Referendums can add the degree of participation at maximum by 30 percent a year. The value of the combined degree of participation cannot be higher than 70 percent, even in cases where the sum of participation and referendums would be higher than 70. The index of democratization is formed by multiplying the competition and the participation variables and then dividing the outcome by 100. ArabiemiirikunnatAfganistanAntigua ja BarbudaAlbaniaArmeniaAngolaArgentiinaItävaltaAustraliaAzerbaidzanBosnia ja HertsegovinaBarbadosBangladeshBelgiaBurkina FasoBulgariaBahrainBurundiBeninBruneiBoliviaBrasiliaBahamaBhutanBotswanaValko-VenäjäBelizeKanadaKongo (Zaire)Keski-Afrikan tasavaltaKongo (Brazzaville)SveitsiNorsunluurannikko (Côte d'Ivoire)ChileKamerunKiinaKolumbiaCosta RicaTsekkoslovakiaKuubaKap VerdeKyprosTsekkiSaksaSaksan demokraattinen tasavaltaSaksan liittotasavaltaDjiboutiTanskaDominicaDominikaaninen tasavaltaAlgeriaEcuadorViroEgyptiEritreaEspanjaEtiopiaSuomiFidziMikronesiaRanskaGabonIso-BritanniaGrenadaGeorgiaGhanaGambiaGuineaPäiväntasaajan GuineaKreikkaGuatemalaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHondurasKroatiaHaitiUnkariIndonesiaIrlantiIsraelIntiaIrakIranIslantiItaliaJamaikaJordaniaJapaniKeniaKirgisiaKambodzaKiribatiKomoritSaint Kitts ja NevisPohjois-KoreaEtelä-KoreaKuwaitKazakstanLaosLibanonSaint LuciaSri LankaLiberiaLesothoLiettuaLuxemburgLatviaLibyaMarokkoMoldovaMadagaskarMarshallinsaaretMakedoniaMaliMyanmar (Burma)MongoliaMauritaniaMaltaMauritiusMalediivitMalawiMeksikoMalesiaMosambikMontenegroNamibiaNigerNigeriaNicaraguaAlankomaatNorjaNepalUusi-SeelantiOmanPanamaPeruPapua-Uusi-GuineaFilippiinitPakistanPuolaPortugaliParaguayQatarRomaniaVenäjäRuandaSaudi-ArabiaSalomonsaaretSeychellitSerbiaSudanRuotsiSingaporeSloveniaSlovakiaSierra LeoneSenegalSomaliaSurinameSão Tomé ja PrínsipeNeuvostoliittoEl SalvadorSyyriaSwazimaaTsadTogoThaimaaTadzikistanItä-TimorTurkmenistanTunisiaTongaTurkkiTrinidad ja TobagoTaiwanTansaniaUkrainaUgandaYhdysvallatUruguayUzbekistanSaint Vincent ja GrenadiinitVenezuelaEtelä-VietnamPohjois-VietnamVietnamLänsi-SamoaVanuatuEtelä-JemenJemenPohjois-JemenJugoslaviaEtelä-AfrikkaSambiaZimbabweUnited Arab EmiratesAfghanistanAntigua and BarbudaAlbaniaArmeniaAngolaArgentinaAustriaAustraliaAzerbaijanBosnia and HerzegovinaBarbadosBangladeshBelgiumBurkina FasoBulgariaBahrainBurundiBeninBruneiBoliviaBrazilBahamasBhutanBotswanaBelarusBelizeCanadaCongo (Zaire)Central African RepublicCongo (Brazzaville)SwitzerlandIvory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)ChileCameroonChinaColombiaCosta RicaCzechoslovakiaCubaCape VerdeCyprusCzech RepublicGerman Democratic Republic GDRGermanyWest-GermanyDjiboutiDenmarkDominicaDominican RepublicAlgeriaEcuadorEstoniaEgyptEritreaSpainEthiopiaFinlandFijiMicronesiaFranceGabonUnited KingdomGrenadaGeorgiaGhanaGambiaGuineaEquatorial GuineaGreeceGuatemalaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHondurasCroatiaHaitiHungaryIndonesiaIrelandIsraelIndiaIraqIranIcelandItalyJamaicaJordanJapanKenyaKyrgyzstanCambodiaKiribatiComorosSaint Kitts and NevisNorth KoreaSouth KoreaKuwaitKazakhstanLaosLebanonSaint LuciaSri LankaLiberiaLesothoLithuaniaLuxembourgLatviaLibyaMoroccoMoldovaMadagascarMarshall IslandsMacedoniaMaliMyanmar (Burma)MongoliaMauritaniaMaltaMauritiusMaldivesMalawiMexicoMalaysiaMontenegroMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaNicaraguaThe NetherlandsNorwayNepalNew ZealandOmanPanamaPeruPapua New GuineaPhilippinesPakistanPolandPortugalParaguayQatarRomaniaRussiaRwandaSaudi ArabiaSolomon IslandsSeychellesSudanSwedenSingaporeSloveniaSlovakiaSierra LeoneSenegalSomaliaSerbiaSurinameSao Tome and PrincipeRussia (USSR, Soviet Union)El SalvadorSyriaSwazilandChadTogoThailandTajikistanTimor-LesteTurkmenistanTunisiaTongaTurkeyTrinidad and TobagoTaiwanTanzaniaUkraineUgandaUnited StatesUruguayUzbekistanSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesVenezuelaVietnamWestern SamoaVanuatuYemenYugoslaviaSouth AfricaZambiaZimbabweNorth VietnamNorth YemenSouth VietnamSouth Yemen AfganistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAngolaAntigua ja BarbudaArgentiinaArmeniaAustraliaItävaltaAzerbaidzanBahamaBahrainBangladeshBarbadosValko-VenäjäBelgiaBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia-HertsegovinaBotswanaBrasiliaBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoMyanmar (Burma)BurundiKambodzaKamerunKanadaKap VerdeKeski-Afrikan tasavaltaTsadChileKiinaKolumbiaKomoritKongo (Brazzaville)Kongo (Zaire)Costa RicaNorsunluurannikko (Côte d'Ivoire)KroatiaKuubaKyprosTsekkiTsekkoslovakiaTanskaDjiboutiDominicaDominikaaninen tasavaltaItä-Timor ()EcuadorEgyptiEl SalvadorPäiväntasaajan GuineaEritreaViroEtiopiaFidziSuomiRanskaGabonGambiaGeorgiaSaksan demokraattinen tasavaltaSaksaSaksan liittotasavaltaGhanaGrenadaKreikkaGuatemalaGuinea-BissauGuineaGuyanaHaitiHondurasUnkariIslantiIntiaIndonesiaIranIrakIrlantiIsraelItaliaJamaikaJapaniJordaniaKazakstanKeniaKiribatiPohjois-KoreaEtelä-KoreaKuwaitKirgisiaLaosLatviaLibanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiettuaLuxemburgMakedoniaMadagaskarMalawiMalesiaMalediivitMaliMaltaMarshallinsaaretMauritaniaMauritiusMeksikoMikronesiaMoldovaMongoliaMarokkoMosambikMontenegroNamibiaNepalAlankomaatUusi-SeelantiNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorjaOmanPakistanPanamaPapua-Uusi-GuineaParaguayPeruFilippiinitPuolaPortugaliQatarRomaniaVenäjäNeuvostoliittoRuandaSaint Kitts ja NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent ja GrenadiinitLänsi-SamoaSão Tomé ja PrínsipeSaudi-ArabiaSenegalSeychellitSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSalomonsaaretSomaliaSerbiaEtelä-AfrikkaEspanjaSri LankaSudanSurinameSwazimaaRuotsiSveitsiSyyriaTaiwanTadzikistanTansaniaThaimaaTogoTongaTrinidad ja TobagoTunisiaTurkkiTurkmenistanUgandaUkrainaArabiemiirikunnatIso-BritanniaYhdysvallatUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuelaVietnamPohjois-VietnamEtelä-VietnamJemenPohjois-JemenEtelä-JemenJugoslaviaSambiaZimbabweAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAngolaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoMyanmar (Burma)BurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaColombiaComorosCongo (Brazzaville)Congo (Zaire)Costa RicaIvory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)CroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicCzechoslovakiaDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFijiFinlandFranceGabonGambiaGerman Democratic Republic GDRGermanyWest-GermanyGeorgiaGhanaGrenadaGreeceGuatemalaGuinea-BissauGuineaGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiNorth KoreaSouth KoreaKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLithuaniaMacedoniaLuxembourgMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMongoliaMontenegroMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNepalNetherlandsNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorwayOmanPakistanPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaRussiaRussia (USSR, Soviet Union)RwandaWestern SamoaSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSudanSurinameSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuelaVietnamNorth VietnamSouth VietnamYemenNorth YemenSouth YemenYugoslaviaZambiaZimbabwe Poliittis-hallinnollinen aluePoliticalAdministrativeAreaPolitical-administrative areaPoliticalAdministrativeArea Kaikki itsenäiset valtiot edeltäjineen sekä Taiwan (edellä luetellut maat)"valtiot, joiden asukasmäärä on alle 40000; lukuisat entiset valtiot ja ruhtinaskunnat, joita ei enää ole; alusmaat ja koloniat; Aasian ja Afrikan esikoloniaaliset valtiot ja poliittiset yhteisöt"All independent states, their predecessors and Taiwan"the states with less than 40000 inhabitants; former states and principalities that no longer exist; former colonies; precolonial states and political communities of Asia and Africa" KvantitatiivinenQuantitative Aikasarja-aineistoTimeSeriesTime seriesTimeSeries KokonaisaineistoTotalUniverseCompleteEnumerationTotal universe/Complete enumerationTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Kooste- tai synteesiaineistoCompilationSynthesisCompilation/SynthesisCompilationSynthesis Aineistonkeruuohjeistus: poimintaohje tai -suunnitelmaDataCollectionGuidelines.SecondaryDataCollectionGuideData collection guidelines: Secondary data collection guideDataCollectionGuidelines.SecondaryDataCollectionGuide Aineisto on (A) vapaasti käytettävissä ilman rekisteröitymistä (CC BY 4.0).The dataset is (A) openly available for all users without registration (CC BY 4.0). Aineistoon ja sen tekijöihin tulee viitata asianmukaisesti kaikissa julkaisuissa ja esityksissä, joissa aineistoa käytetään. Tietoarkiston antaman malliviittaustiedon voi merkitä lähdeluetteloon sellaisenaan tai sitä voi muokata julkaisun käytäntöjen mukaisesti.The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. Viitetiedot julkaisuista, joissa aineistoa on käytetty, toimitetaan Tietoarkiston asiakaspalveluun asiakaspalvelu.fsd@tuni.fi.Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi. Balcázar, Carlos Felipe (2016). Long-run effects of democracy on income inequality in Latin America. 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